Kontakt 2012, 14(2):200-217 | DOI: 10.32725/kont.2012.022

Anxiolytics of natural origin II. Exotic plantsBiomedicine - Review

Zdeňka Navrátilová
Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Přírodovědecká fakulta, katedra botaniky

The article presented here is being published next to the previous article Anxiolytics of natural Origin I, which discussed plants originally occurring in the Czech Republic and plants cultivated othere. The second part summarizes knowledge concerning plants, which are neither original nor commonly cultivated in the Czech Republic. These are the species as follows: Atractylodes macrocephala, Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Citrus spp., Clitoria ternatea, Echium amoenum, Erythrina mulungu, Morinda citrifolia, Myristica fragrans, Ocimum sanctum, Panax spp., Passiflora incarnata, Piper methysticum, Sceletium tortuosum, Withania somnifera, Zingiber officinale and Ziziphus jujuba. These plants have been used in traditional medicine in areas of their original occurrence for the treatment of different disorders including anxiety and sleeplessness. These plants are currently subjected to a number of scientific studies, which frequently support the presence of medicinal effects. In some of these plants, only preliminary results are available and further research is needed including preclinical studies in animals and subsequently clinical trials. A further research of active substances of these plants and mechanism of their action on the organism can result in the development of new products for the treatment of anxiety disorders and further mental diseases. Mental problems currently widely occur in the population and thus, the research is promising. In tropical and sparingly explored regions, there are definitely a number of further plants with anxiolytic and sedative effects and thus, further ethno-botanical and ethno-pharmacological research of plants employed in traditional medicine in these regions is of importance. The protection of biodiversity, particularly in tropical rainforest inhabited by many plants and animals, which can serve as a source of still unknown biologically active substances is also of a great importance.

Keywords: anxiety disorders; anxiolytics; herbal remedy; traditional medicine

Received: January 14, 2012; Accepted: April 10, 2012; Published: June 22, 2012  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Navrátilová Z. Anxiolytics of natural origin II. Exotic plants. Kontakt. 2012;14(2):200-217. doi: 10.32725/kont.2012.022.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M (2001). Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther. 26/5: 363-367. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A. Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A (2008). Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol. 46/2: 409-420. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Andrade C, Aswath A, Chaturvedi SK, Srinivasa M, Raguram R (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy of an ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera. Indian J Psychiatry. 42/3: 295-301. Go to PubMed...
    4. Anonym (2004). Bacopa monniera Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 9/1: 79-85.
    5. Bhattacharyya D, Sur TK, Jana U, Debnath PK (2008). Controlled programmed trial of Ocimum sanctum leaf on generalized anxiety disorders. Nepal Med Coll J. 10/3: 176-179. Go to PubMed...
    6. Bhattacharya SK, Ghoshal S (1998). Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 5/2: 77-82. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Bhattacharya SK, Muruganandam AV (2003). Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 75/3: 547-555. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal S (2000). Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 7/6: 463-469. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Brinkhaus B, Lindner M, Schuppan D, Hahn EG (2000). Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the East Asian medical plant Centella asiatica. Phytomedicine. 7/5: 427-448. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Bruneton J (1999). Pharmacognosy. Phytochemistry. Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed. Intercept Ltd, Londres, Paris, New York. 1119 p.
    11. Calabrese C, Gregory WL, Leo M, Kaemer D, Bone K, Oken B (2008). Effects of a Standardized Bacopa monnieri Extract on Cognitive Performance, Anxiety, and Depression in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med. 14/6: 707-713. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Carvalho AC, Almeida DS, Melo MG, Cavalcanti SC, Marçal RM (2009). Evidence of the mechanism of action of Erythrina velutina Willd (Fabaceae) leaves aqueous extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 122/2: 374-378. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Carvalho-Freitas MIR, Costa M (2002). Anxiolytic and Sedative Effects of Extracts and Essential Oil from Citrus aurantium L. Biol Pharm Bull. 25/12: 1629-1633. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Dang H, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang Q, Wang L, Jia W, Wang Y (2009). Antidepressant effects of ginseng total saponins in the forced swimming test and chronic mild stress models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych. 33/8: 1417-1424. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Demetriades AK, Wallman PD, McGuiness A, Gavalas MC (2005). Low cost, high risk: accidental nutmeg intoxication. Emerg Med J. 22/3: 223-225. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Deng S, West BJ (2011). Antidepressant Effects of Noni Fruit and its Active Principals. Asian J Med Sci. 3/2: 79-83.
    17. Deng S, West BJ, Palu AK, Zhou B-N, Jensen CJ (2007). Noni as an anxiolytic and sedative: A mechanism involving its gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects. Phytomedicine. 14/7-8: 517-522. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A (2001a). Antianxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Ethnopharmacol. 78/2-3: 165-170. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A (2001b). Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. Fitoterapia. 72/8: 922-926. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Sharma A (2004). Passiflora: a review update. J Ethnopharmacol. 94/1: 1-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Dhuley JN (2001). Nootropic-like Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) in Mice. Phytother. Res. 15/6: 524-528. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Dong H, He L, Huang M, Dong Y (2008). Anti-inflammatory components isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Nat Prod Res. 22/16: 1418-1427. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Dragull K, Yoshida WY, Tang CS (2003). Piperidine alkaloids from Piper methysticum. Phytochemistry. 63/2: 193-198. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Duke JA (2009). Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. CRC Press. 901 p. Go to original source...
    25. ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy) (2003). The ESCOP Monographs 2nd ed. 556 p.
    26. Faturi CB, Leite JR, Alves PB, Canton AC, Teixeira-Silva F (2010). Anxiolytic-like effect of sweet orange aroma in Wistar rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych. 34/4: 605-609. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Flausino OA, Jr., Pereira AM, da Silva Bolzani V, Nunes-de-Souza RL (2007). Effects of erythrinian alkaloids isolated from Erythrina mulungu (Papilionaceae) in mice submitted to animal models of anxiety. Biol Pharm Bull. 30/2: 375-378. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Gericke N, van Wyk B-E (2001). Pharmaceutical compositions containing mesembrine and related compounds. United States Patent US 6,288,104 B1.
    29. Gericke N, Viljoen AM (2008). Sceletium - A review update. J Ethnopharmacol. 119/3: 653-663. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Ghassemi N, Sajjadi SE, Ghannadi A, Shams-Ardakani M, Mehrabani M (2003). Volatile constituents of Echium amoenum. DARU. 11/1: 32-33.
    31. Gholamzadeh S, Zare S, Ilkhanipoor M (2007). Evaluation of the anxiolytic effect of Echium amoenum petals extract, during chronic treatment in rat. RPS. 2/2: 91-95.
    32. Gohil KJ, Patel JA (2010). A review on Bacopa monniera: Current research and future prospects. Int J Green Pharm. 4/1: 1-9. Go to original source...
    33. Gohil KJ, Patel JA, Gajjar AK (2010). Pharmacological Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure-all. Indian J Pharm Sci. 72/5: 546-556. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Grundmann O, Wang J, McGregor GP, Butterweck V (2008). Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic system. Planta Med. 74/15: 1769-1773. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Hallström H, Thuvander A (1997). Toxicological evaluation of myristicin. Nat Toxins. 5/5: 186-192. Go to original source...
    36. Han H, Ma Y, Eun JS, Li R, Hong JT, Lee MK, Oh KW (2009). Anxiolytic-like effects of sanjoinine A isolated from Zizyphi Spinosi Semen: possible involvement of GABAergic transmission. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 92/2: 206-213. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Hartmann HEK (ed.) (2001). Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Aizoaceae F-Z. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo, p. 287-290.
    38. Harvey A, Gericke N, Viljoen A (2010). Use of pharmaceutical compositions containing mesembrenone. World Intellectual Property Organisation patent WO 2010/106494 A1.
    39. Hasenöhrl RU, Nichau CH, Frisch CH, De Souza Silva MA, Huston JP, Mattern CM, Häcker R (1996). Anxiolytic-like effect of combined extracts of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 53/2: 271-275. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Hasenöhrl RU, Topic B, Frisch C, Häcker R, Mattern CM, Huston JP (1998). Dissociation between anxiolytic and hypomnestic effects for combined extracts of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba, as opposed to diazepam. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 59/2: 527-535. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Cha HY, Park JH, Hong JT, Yoo HS, Song S, Hwang BY, Eun JS, Oh KW (2005). Anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides on the elevated plus-maze model in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 28/9: 1621-1625. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Chan-Blanco Y, Vaillant F, Perez AM, Reynes M, Brillouet JM, Brat P (2006). The noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.): A review of agricultural research, nutritional and therapeutic properties. J Food Compos Anal. 19/6-7: 645-654. Go to original source...
    43. Charles PD, Ambigapathy G, Geraldine P, Akbarsha MA, Rajan KE (2011). Bacopa monniera leaf extract up-regulates tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) and serotonin transporter (SERT) expression: Implications in memory formation. J Ethnopharmacol. 134/1: 55-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Chatterjee M, Verma P, Maurya R, Palit G (2011). Evaluation of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum in experimental models of anxiety and depression. Pharm Biol. 49/5: 477-483. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Choi KT (2008). Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C A Meyer. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 29/9: 1109-1118. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Choudhary MI, Yousuf S, Nawaz SA, Ahmed S, Atta-ur-Rahman (2004). Cholinesterase inhibiting withanolides from Withania somnifera. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 52/11: 1358-1361. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Jahodář L (2006). Farmakobotanika. Semenné rostliny. Praha: Karolinum. 258 s.
    48. Jain NN, Ohal CC, Shroff SK, Bhutada RH, Somani RS, Kasture VS, Kasture SB (2003). Clitoria ternatea and the CNS. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 75/3: 529-536. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. James JT, Dubery IA (2009). Pentacyclic triterpenoids from the medicinal herb, Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Molecules. 14/10: 3922-3941. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Jana U, Sur TK, Maity LN, Debnath PK, Bhattacharyya D (2010). A clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica. Nepal Med Coll J. 12/1: 8-11. Go to PubMed...
    51. Jiang H, Shi J, Li Y (2011). Screening for Compounds with Aromatase Inhibiting Activities from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Molecules. 16/4: 3146-3151. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Jyoti A, Sethi P, Sharma D (2007). Bacopa monniera prevents from aluminium neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex of rat brain. J Ethnopharmacol. 111/1: 56-62. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Kalandakanond S, Pandaranandaga J, Komolvanich S, Poonyachoti S (2004). A study on the anxiolytic effect of juice from the fruit of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae) on wistar rats. Thai J Vet Med. 34/1: 99-105.
    54. Khare CP (2007). Indian Medicinal Herbs. An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg. 812 p. Go to original source...
    55. Kim TW, Choi HJ, Kim NJ, Kim DH (2009). Anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from red ginseng in the elevated plus-maze model. Planta Med. 75/8: 836-839. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Kolektiv autorů (2009). Český lékopis 2009. Praha: Grada. 1552 s.
    57. Krol CG, Janssen MG (2010). Unusual use of nutmeg. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 154: A2214. (article in Dutch) Go to PubMed...
    58. Lee B, Kim H, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH (2011). Wild ginseng attenuates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors during morphine withdrawal. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 21/10: 1088-1096. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Lehrner J, Eckersberger C, Walla P, Pötsch G, Deecke L (2000). Ambient odor of orange in a dental office reduces anxiety and improves mood in female patients. Physiol Behav. 71/1-2: 83-86. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    60. Leiter E, Hitchcock G, Godwin S, Johnson M, Sedgwick W, Jones W, McCall S, Ceremuga TE (2011). Evaluation of the anxiolytic properties of myristicin, a component of nutmeg, in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. AANA J. 79/2: 109-114. Go to PubMed...
    61. Li CQ, He LCh, Dong HY, Jin JQ (2007). Screening for the anti-inflammatory activity of fractions and compounds from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. J Ethnopharmacol. 114/2: 212-217. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Li LM, Liao X, Peng SL, Ding LS (2005). Chemical constituents from the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu. J Integrative Plant Biol. 47/4: 494-498. Go to original source...
    63. Limpeanchob N, Jaipan S, Rattanakaruna S, Phrompittayaratb W (2008). Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri on beta-amyloid-induced cell death in primary cortical culture. J Ethnopharmacol. 120/1: 112-117. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Lin Y, Jin T, Wu X, Huang Z, Fan J (1997). A Novel Bisesquiterpenoid, Biatractylolide, from the Chinese Herbal Plant Atractylodes macrocephala. J Nat Prod. 60/1: 27-28. Go to original source...
    65. Lopes Campêlo LM, Gonçalves e Sá C, de Almeida AA, da Costa JP, Marques TH, Feitosa CM, Saldanha GB, de Freitas RM (2011). Sedative, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of Citrus limon (Burn) essential oil in mice. Pharmazie. 66/8: 623-627. Go to PubMed...
    66. Mehrabani M, Ghassemi N, Sajjadi E, Ghannadi A, Shams-Ardakani M (2005). Main phenolic compound of petals of Echium amoenum Fisch. and C. A. Mey., a famous medicinal plant of Iran. DARU. 13/2: 65-69.
    67. Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S (2000). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev. 5/4: 334-346.
    68. Morgan A, Stevens J (2010). Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Altern Complement Med. 16/7: 753-759. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Movafegh A, Alizadeh R, Hajimohamadi F, Esfehani F, Nejatfar M (2008). Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 106/6: 1728-1732. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Napoletano M, Fraire C, Santangelo F, Moriggi E (2001). Mesembrine is an inhibitor of PDE4 that follows the structure-activity relationship of rolipram. Chem Prepr Arch. p. 303-308.
    71. Ngan A, Conduit R (2011). A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality. Phytother Res. 25/8: 1153-1159. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. Onusic GM, Nogueira RL, Pereira AM, Viana MB (2002). Effect of acute treatment with a water-alcohol extract of Erythrina mulungu on anxiety-related responses in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 35/4: 473-477. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    73. Patil AP, Patil VR (2011). Clitoria ternatea Linn.: An Overview. IJPR. 3/1: 20-23.
    74. Patnala S, Kanfer I (2009). Investigations of the phytochemical content of Sceletium tortuosum following the preparation of "Kougoed" by fermentation of plant material. J Ethnopharmacol. 121/1: 86-91. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Patočka J (2009). Mulungu - anxiolytikum z Amazonského deštného pralesa. Psychiatrie. 13/2-3: 89-91.
    76. Patočka J, Strunecká A (2001). Kava-kava - využití v psychiatrii. Psychiatrie. 5/3: 182-186.
    77. Peng WH, Hsieh MT, Lee YS, Lin YC, Liao J (2000). Anxiolytic effect of seed of Ziziphus jujuba in mouse model of anxiety. J Ethnopharmacol. 72/3: 435-441. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    78. Peng W, Han T, Wang Y, Xin WB, Zheng ChJ, Qin LP (2011). Chemical constituents of the aerial part of Atractylodes macrocephala. Chem Nat Comp. 46/6: 959-960. Go to original source...
    79. Plotkin MJ (1994). Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice: An Ethnobotanist Searches for New Medicines in the Amazon Rain Forest. Penguin Books USA. 328 p.
    80. Plotkin MJ (2001). Medicine Quest: In Search of Nature's Healing Secrets. Penguin Books USA. 240 p.
    81. Polívka F (1908). Užitkové a pamětihodné rostliny cizích zemí. Reprint z roku 1908, Volvox globator Praha 1996. 646 s.
    82. Potterat O, Hamburger M (2007). Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Fruit - Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Safety. Planta Med. 73/3: 191-199. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    83. Qiang LQ, Wang CP, Wang FM, Pan Y, Yi LT, Zhang X, Kong LD (2009). Combined administration of the mixture of honokiol and magnolol and ginger oil evokes antidepressant-like synergism. Arch Pharm Res. 32/9: 1281-1292. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Rabbani M, Sajjadi SE, Vaseghi G, Jafarian A (2004). Anxiolytic effects of Echium amoenum on the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in mice. Fitoterapia. 75/5: 457-464. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Rabbani M, Sajjadi SE, Khalili S (2011). A Lack of tolerance to the anxiolytic action of Echium amoenum. RPS. 6/2: 101-106. Go to PubMed...
    86. Rataj K (1983). Akvaristika začíná u rostlin. Svépomoc Praha. 105 s.
    87. Rätsch C (2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. Park Street Press. 944 p.
    88. Ribeiro MD, Onusic GM, Poltronieri SC, Viana MB (2006). Effect of Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in rats submitted to animal models of anxiety and depression. Braz J Med Biol Res. 39/2: 263-270. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    89. Sairam K, Dorababu M, Goel RK, Bhattacharya SK (2002). Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine. 9/3: 207-211. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    90. Saiyudthong S, Marsden CA (2011). Acute Effects of Bergamot Oil on Anxiety-related Behaviour and Corticosterone Level in Rats. Phytother Res. 25/6: 858-862. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    91. Saraf MK, Prabhakar S, Anand A (2010). Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri on ischemia induced brain injury. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 97/2: 192-197. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    92. Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ (2009). Kava and St. John's Wort: Current Evidence for Use in Mood and Anxiety Disorders. J Altern Complement Med. 15/8: 1-10. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    93. Sarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I (2011). Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 45/1: 27-35. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    94. Sayyah M, Sayyah M, Kamalijenad M (2006). A preliminary randomized double blind clinical trial on the efficacy of aqueous extract of Echium amoenum in the treatment of mild to moderate major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych. 30/1: 166-169. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    95. Sayyah M, Boostani H, Pakseresht S, Malaieri A (2009). Efficacy of aqueous extract of Echium amoenum in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychoph. 33/8: 1513-1516. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    96. Seidemann J (2005). World Spice Plants. Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 591 p. Go to original source...
    97. Shikha S, Nidhi M, Upama M (2009). Bacopa monniera - A Future Perspective. IJPSDR. 1/3: 154-157.
    98. Shinomol GK, Muralidhara, Bharath MM (2011). Exploring the Role of "Brahmi" (Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica) in Brain Function and Therapy. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 5/1: 33-49. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    99. Singh YN (ed.) (2004). Kava from Ethnology to Pharmacology. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles. CRC Press. 167 p.
    100. Singhuber J, Baburin I, Kählig H, Urban E, Kopp B, Hering S (2012). GABA(A) receptor modulators from Chinese herbal medicines traditionally applied against insomnia and anxiety. Phytomedicine. 19/3-4: 334-340. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    101. Smith MT, Crouch NR, Gericke N, Hirst M (1996). Psychoactive constituents of the genus Sceletium N. E. Br. and other Mesembryanthemaceae: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 50/3: 119-130. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    102. Smith MT, Field, CR, Crouch NR, Hirst M (1998). The distribution of mesembrine alkaloids in selected taxa of the Mesembryanthemaceae and their modification in the Sceletium derived 'Kougoed'. Pharm Biol. 36/3: 173-179. Go to original source...
    103. Sonavane GS, Sarveiya VP, Kasture VS, Kasture SB (2002). Anxiogenic activity of Myristica fragrans seeds. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 71/1-2: 239-244. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    104. Soulimani R, Younos C, Jarmouni S, Bousta D, Misslin R, Mortier F (1997). Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 57/1: 11-20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    105. Stevens PF (2008). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/Apweb.
    106. Stough C, Lloyd J, Clarke J, Downey L, Hutchison CW, Rodgers T, Nathan PJ (2001). The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology. 156/4: 481-484. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    107. Tabassum I, Siddiqui ZN, Rizvi SJ (2010). Effects of Ocimum sanctum and Camellia sinensis on stress-induced anxiety and depression in male albino Rattus norvegicus. Indian J Pharmacol. 42/5: 283-288. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    108. Taranalli AD, Cheeramkuczhi TC (2000). Influence of Clitoria ternatea on memory and central cholinergic activity in rats. Pharm Biol. 38/1: 51-56. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    109. Taur DJ, Patil RY (2011). Evaluation of antiasthmatic activity of Clitoria ternatea L. roots. J Ethnopharmacol. 136/2: 374-376. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    110. Tripathi M, Pandey MB, Jha RN, Pandey VB, Tripathi PN, Singh JP (2001). Cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphus jujuba. Fitoterapia. 72/5: 507-510. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    111. Uabundit N, Wattanathorn J, Mucimapura S, Ingkaninan K (2010). Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer's disease model. J Ethnopharmacol. 127/1: 26-31. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    112. Valíček P (ed.) (2002). Užitkové rostliny tropů a subtropů. 2. vyd., Praha: Academia. 486 s.
    113. van Wyk BE, Wink M (2005). Medicinal plants of the world. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, USA. 480 p.
    114. Vasconcelos SM, Rebouças Oliveira G, Mohana de Carvalho M, Rodrigues AC, Rocha Silveira E, Maria França Fonteles M, Florenço Sousa FC, Barros Viana GS (2003). Antinociceptive activities of the hydroalcoholic extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 26/7: 946-949. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    115. Vasconcelos SM, Lima NM, Sales GT, Cunha GM, Aguiar LM, Silveira ER, Rodrigues AC, Macedo DS, Fonteles MM, Sousa FC, Viana GS (2007). Anticonvulsant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu. J Ethnopharmacol. 110/2: 271-274. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    116. Vishwakarma SL, Pal SC, Kasture VS, Kasture SB (2002). Anxiolytic and antiemetic activity of Zingiber officinale. Phytother Res. 16/7: 621-626. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    117. Votava M, Agová V, Kršiak M (2005). Mechanismy účinku anxiolytik. Psychiatr prax. 6/3: 131-133.
    118. Wang MY, West BJ, Jensen CJ, Nowicki D, Su C, Palu AK, Anderson G (2002). Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A literature review and recent advances in Noni research. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 23/12: 1127-1141.
    119. Wei XY, Yang JY, Wang JH, Wu CF (2007). Anxiolytic effect of saponins from Panax quinquefolium in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 111/3: 613-618. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    120. White B (2007). Ginger: An Overview. Am Fam Phys. 75/11: 1689-1691.
    121. WHO (World Health Organisation) (2007). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plant. Vol. 3. 376 p.
    122. Wijeweera P, Arnason JT, Koszycki D, Merali Z (2006). Evaluation of anxiolytic properties of Gotukola (Centella asiatica) extracts and asiaticoside in rat behavioral models. Phytomedicine. 13/9-10: 668-676. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    123. Williamson EM (2003). Potter's Herbal Cyclopaedia. The autoritative reference work on plants with a known medicinal use. Saffron Walden, The C. W. Daniel Company Limited. 503 p.
    124. Wink M, van Wyk B-E (2008). Mind-altering and poisonous plants of the world. Timber Press, Portland, London. 464 p.
    125. Wohlmuth H, Penman KG, Pearson T, Lehmann RP (2010). Pharmacognosy and Chemotypes of Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.). Biol Pharm Bull. 33/6: 1015-1018. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    126. Wu, ZY, Raven PH, Hong D (eds.) (2011). Flora of China Vol. 20-21. Asteraceae. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 992 p.
    127. Xu Ch, Teng J, Chen W, Ge Q, Yang Z, Yu Ch, Yang Z, Jia W (2010). Protopanaxadiol, an active ginseng metabolite, exhibits strong antidepressant-like effect. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych. 34/8: 1402-1411. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    128. Yi LT, Xu Q, Li YCh, Yang L, Kong LD (2009). Antidepressant-like synergism of extracts from magnolia bark and ginger rhizome alone and in combination in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych. 33/4: 616-624. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    129. Younos C, Rolland A, Fleurentin J, Lanhers MC, Misslin R, Mortier F (1990). Analgesic and Behavioural Effects of Morinda citrifolia. Planta Med. 56/5: 430-434. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    130. Zheng CJ, Qin LP (2007). Chemical components of Centella asiatica and their bioactivities. J Chin Integr Med / Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 5/3: 348-351. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    131. Zhengyi W, Raven P (eds.) (1998). Flora of China Vol. 18. Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. 449 p.
    132. Zhengyi W, Raven P (eds.) (2005). Flora of China. Vol. 14. Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 581 p.
    133. Zhengyi W, Raven P (eds.) (2007). Flora of China. Vol. 13. Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 548 p.
    134. Zhengyi W, Raven P, Deyuan H (eds.) (2011). Flora of China.Vol. 19. Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Science Press (Beijing), Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 884 p.

    Return to the content