Kontakt 2019, 21(1):22-31 | DOI: 10.32725/kont.2019.012

Mirror therapy in post amputation patients with phantom limb pain: a mapping studyNursing - Review article

Jan Chrastina*, Hana Svízelová
Palacký University Olomouc, Faculty of Education, Institute of Special Education Studies, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Objective: One of the complications in patients after limb amputation is phantom pain (PP) in the missing limb. Mirror therapy (MT) is a non-pharmacological approach to PP. The objective of the study is to describe and assess possible applications, effectiveness, practicability, and international experience with MT in patients with PP after limb amputation.

Methods: A descriptive mapping study that analyses, compares, and clusters the content of 22 relevant studies. The search was performed between 2000 and 2017 using the keywords and their combinations in the following databases: EBSCO, PsychINFO, PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, including metasearch engines.

Results: The specificities of PP after the application of MT in post amputation patients vary by the location of the amputated limb. MT alleviates PP in patients after amputation of the upper limb, lower limb, as well as in mixed groups (after amputation of the upper limb or lower limb); virtual MT is considered an alternative approach. MT remains a rather experimental therapeutic modality aimed at patients, where other attempts to alleviate PP have failed. Regarding the fact that MT is frequently modified and combined with other approaches (including various indications), the effectiveness of MT cannot be fully generalized. The main finding is the evidence of a short-term effect of MT on decreasing the intensity of PP.

Conclusions: Although MT is a relatively new phenomenon compared with other therapies, approaches and interventions, it is well known in foreign countries, and the range of indication is increasing. For MT to be generally spread and acknowledged, further research is needed together with a transfer of knowledge to teams providing comprehensive care to these patients. The outcomes of the mapping study will be used for a detailed analysis of the issue in the Czech Republic, where MT is used rarely and as an experimental additional therapy (particularly in occupational therapy).

Keywords: Amputation; Phantom pain; Phantom limb; Mapping study; Mirror therapy

Received: September 21, 2018; Accepted: January 22, 2019; Prepublished online: February 6, 2019; Published: March 27, 2019  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Chrastina J, Svízelová H. Mirror therapy in post amputation patients with phantom limb pain: a mapping study. Kontakt. 2019;21(1):22-31. doi: 10.32725/kont.2019.012.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Armstrong R, Hall BJ, Doyle J, Waters E (2011). 'Scoping the scope' of a Cochrane review. J Public Health 33(1): 147-150. DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdr015. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Aromataris E, Fernandez R, Godfrey CM, Holly C, Khalil H, Tungpunkom P (2015). Summarizing systematic reviews: methodological development, conduct and reporting of an umbrella review approach. Int J Evid Based Healthc 13(3): 132-140. DOI: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000055. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Bach F, Çakmak H, Maaß H (2012). Vision-based hand representation and intuitive virtual object manipulation in mixed reality. Biomed Tech 57(Suppl. 1). DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2012-4086. Go to original source...
    4. Bach F, Schmitz B, Maaß H, Çakmak H, Diers M, Bodmann RB, Kamping S, Flor H (2010). Using Interactive Immersive VR/AR for the Therapy of Phantom Limb Pain. In: Klyuev VV, Cohen M (Eds). Proceeding HC '10 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Humans and Computers. Fukushima-ken: University of Aizu Press, pp. 183-187.
    5. Bowering KJ, O'Connell NE, Tabor A, Catley MJ, Leake HB, Moseley GL, Stanton TR (2013). The effects of graded motor imagery and its components on chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain 14(1): 3-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.09.007. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Brodie E, Whyte A, Niven CA (2007). Analgesia through the looking-glass? A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of viewing a 'virtual' limb upon phantom limb pain, sensation and movement. Eur J Pain 11(4): 428-436. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.06.002. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Carrino F, Rizzotti D, Gheorghe C, Kabasu Bakajika P, Francescotti-Paquier F, Mugellini E (2014). Augmented reality treatment for phantom limb pain. In: Shumaker R, Lackey S (Eds). Virtual, augmented and mixed reality. Applications of virtual and augmented reality: 6th International conference, VAMR 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27. Proceedings, Part II. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp. 248-257. Go to original source...
    8. Chan BL, Witt R, Charrow AP, Magee A, Howard R, Pasquina PF, et al. (2007). Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain. New England Journal of Medicine 357(21): 2206-2207. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc071927. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Cooper D (2016). What is a 'mapping study?' J Med Lib Assoc 104(1): 76-78. DOI: 10.3163/1536-5050.104.1.013. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Correa-Agudelo EA, Hernandez M, Ferrin C, Gomez JD (2015). ViLimbs: Improving Phantom Limb Treatment Through Multisensory Feedback. In: Inkpen K, Woo W. (Eds). Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: ACM Press, pp. 1313-1318. Go to original source...
    11. Darnall BD (2009). Self-delivered home-based mirror therapy for lower limb phantom pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 88(1): 78-81. DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e318191105b. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Darnall BD, Li H (2012). Home-based self-delivered mirror therapy for phantom pain: A pilot study. J Rehabil Med 44(3): 254-260. DOI: 10.2340/16501977-0933. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Desmond DM, MacLachlan M (2006). Affective distress and amputation-related pain among older men with long-term, traumatic limb amputations. J Pain Symptom Manage 31(4): 362-368. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.08.014. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Desmond DM, O'Neill K, de Paor A, McDarby G, MacLachlan M (2006). Augmenting the reality of phantom limbs: three case studies using an augmented mirror box procedure. J Prosth Orthot 18(3): 74-79. DOI: 10.1097/00008526-200607000-00005. Go to original source...
    15. Flor H (2008). Maladaptive plasticity, memory for pain and phantom limb pain: review and suggestions for new therapies. Expert Rev Neurother 8(5): 809-818. DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.5.809. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Fraser CM, Halligan PW, Robertson IH, Kirker SG (2001). Characterizing phantom limb phenomena in upper limb amputees. Prost Orthot Int 25(3): 235-242. DOI: 10.1080/03093640108726607. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Grant MJ, Booth A (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Inf Libr J 26(2): 91-108. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009. 00848.x. Go to original source...
    18. Grünert-Plüss N, Hufschmid U, Santschi L, Grünert J (2008). Mirror therapy in hand rehabilitation: a review of the literature, the St Gallen Protocol for mirror therapy and evaluation of a case series of 52 patients. J Hand Ther 13(1): 4-9. DOI: 10.1177/175899830801300101. Go to original source...
    19. Houghton AD, Nicholls G, Houghton AL, Saadah E, McColl L (1994). Phantom pain: natural history and association with rehabilitation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 76: 22-25. Go to PubMed...
    20. Hunter JP, Katz J, Davis KD (2003). The effect of tactile and visual sensory inputs on phantom limb awareness. Brain 126(3): 579-589. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awg054. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Kim SY, Kim YY (2012). Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain. Korean J Pain 25(4): 272-274. DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2012.25.4.272. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. MacLachlan M, McDonald D, Waloch J (2004). Mirror treatment of lower limb phantom pain: A case study. Disabil Rehabil 26(14-15): 901-904. DOI: 10.1080/09638280410001708913. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Mercier C, Sirigu A (2009). Training with virtual visual feedback to alleviate phantom limb pain. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23(6): 587-594. DOI: 10.1177/1545968308328717. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Moseley GL, Gallace A, Spence C (2008). Is mirror therapy all it is cracked up to be? Current evidence and future directions. Pain 138(1): 7-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.06.026. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Murray CD, Pettifer S, Howard T, Patchick EL, Caillette F, Kulkarni J, Bamford C (2007). The treatment of phantom limb pain using immersive virtual reality: Three case studies. Disabil Rehabil 29(18): 1465-1469. DOI: 10.1080/09638280601107385. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Najiha A, Alagesan J, Rathod VJ, Paranthaman P (2015). Mirror therapy: a review of evidences. Int J Physiother Res 3(3): 1086-1090. DOI: 10.16965/ijpr.2015.148. Go to original source...
    27. Ortiz-Catalan M, Sander N, Kristoffersen MB, Håkansson B, Brånemark R (2014). Treatment of phantom limb pain (PLP) based on augmented reality and gaming controlled by myoelectric pattern recognition: a case study of a chronic PLP patient. Front Neurosci 8: 24. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00024. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Pinto C, Saleh Velez F, Bolognini N, Crandell D, Merabet LB, Fregni F (2016). Optimizing rehabilitation for phantom limb pain using mirror therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial study protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 5(3): e138. DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5645. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (1996). Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. Proc Biol Sci 263(1369): 377-386. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1996.0058. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Ramadugu S, Nagabushnam SC, Katuwal N, Chatterjee K (2017). Intervention for phantom limb pain: A randomized single crossover study of mirror therapy. Indian J Psychiatry 59(4): 457-464. DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_259_16. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Regenbrecht H, McGregor G, Dixon B., Hoermann S (2011). From mirror therapy to augmentation. Information Science Discussion Papers Series 2011(08): 1-16.
    32. Schmalzl L, Ragnö Ch, Ehrsson HH (2013). An alternative to traditional mirror therapy. Clin J Pain 29(10): 10-18. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3182850573. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Sumitani M, Miyauchi S, McCabe CS, Shibata M, Maeda L, Saitoh Y, et al. (2008). Mirror visual feedback alleviates deafferentation pain, depending on qualitative aspects of the pain: a preliminary report. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47(7): 1038-1043. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken170. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Sütbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, Koseoglu BF (2007). Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88(5): 555-559. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.02.034. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Trojan J, Diers M, Fuchs X, Bach F, Bekrater-Bodmann R, Foell J, et al. (2014). An augmented reality home-training system based on the mirror training and imagery approach. Behav Res Methods 46(3): 634-640. DOI: 10.3758/s13428-013-0412-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Wilcher DG, Chernev I, Yan K (2011). Combined mirror visual and auditory feedback therapy for upper limb phantom pain: a case report. J Med Case Reports 5(1): 1-4. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-41. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Yildirim M, Kanan N (2016). The effect of mirror therapy on the management of phantom limb pain. Ağri 28(3): 127-134. DOI: 10.5505/agri.2016.48343. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content