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Stroke treatment and prevention has witnessed a dramatic development in recent years, especially in developed countries. The objective of this study was to calculate the costs and cost effectiveness of the treatment of ischemic stroke in a Czech stroke center using semi-objective neurological measures - the modified Rankin Score (mRS), the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the Modified Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction Scale (mTICI). Three possible interventions were investigated: intravenous thrombolysis, neurointerventional radiology, and both interventions applied in succession. In terms of both short-term and long-term effects, from the hospital as well as the health insurance company perspective, the most cost-effective intervention proved to be intravenous thrombolysis - for patients with both less and more severe stroke. This corresponds to the results of our literature search. The study supports the suitability of the chosen HRQoL measures for analyses of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of stroke therapies. In stroke patients, mRS, NIHSS, mTICI are more stable and have a better predictive value than QALYs based on patient-reported values.

The target of the research probe was a comparison of information and participation of Czech and Scottish citizens in the colorectal cancer preventive programme. Partial targets mapped risk behaviour of respondents in association with the colorectal cancer development, participation in preventive examinations and taking advantage of the test for occult bleeding in the stools.
A group of 120 respondents (60 Czech and 60 Scottish citizens) aged 50 and 69 years was obtained through the mediation of Czech and Scottish students of nursing, who distributed a questionnaire to their parents and grandparents. Czech and English versions of a semi-structured, non-standardized questionnaire were used. The research was performed from December 2010 to April 2011. Descriptive statistics and squared chi test were employed for the result processing.
The results demonstrated that the consumption of fruits, vegetables and red meat was not principally different when considering the two countries. Czech people consumed fried smoked and grilled foods to a larger extent. Everyday alcohol consumption was higher in Scotland. Czech respondents exerted lower locomotor activity and higher occurrence of overweight. Two thirds of Czech respondents, but only one third of Scottish respondents participated in preventive examinations. There was, however no statistically significant difference between the participation in the preventive examination and level of education of respondents (p = 7.81). Thirty-seven percent of Czech respondents and forty-seven percent of Scottish ones employed the test for occult bleeding in the stools, which was almost a half of the people, who stated that they have been informed about this examination. Most frequent reasons for non-attending the test were the fact that they were not offered with it in the case of Czech respondents and the variant "I refused it" in Scottish respondents.

The aim of this study was to find out the quality of life of women during pregnancy, which areas of quality of life are the most risky, and to determine the impact of age, parity and period of pregnancy on the quality of life of pregnant women.
The work is a quantitative cross-sectional study. The QOL-GRAV standardized questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life of women during pregnancy. The study consisted of 304 pregnant women (mean age of 27 ± 4.95 years) with a physiological pregnancy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient (p < 0.005) and variance analysis (ANOVA) (p < 0.05).
The quality of life during pregnancy has proven to be very good and excellent. The most risky areas of quality of life have been expressed in the partner life satisfaction, physical changes causing limitations, physical activity limitations, and the fears of managing labor. There were no statistically significant differences in the quality of life in relation to age, parity and period of pregnancy.
Assessing quality of life is important in terms of timely preventive measures during pregnancy and should lead to an increase in the quality of care for pregnant women and their well-being, with emphasis on the health of pregnant women.

The evidence suggests that limited health literacy (HL) may be associated with health risk behaviour such as smoking, alcohol drinking, or substance use. The aim of this study was to examine the level of HL in people undergoing treatment for alcohol abuse and to determine the most problematic domain of HL. The cross-sectional survey included 113 participants from two facilities in Prague (Department of Addictology and Bohnice Psychiatric Hospital). HL was measured using the HLS-EU-Q questionnaire developed by the European Health Literacy Consortium. The mean general health literacy (GHL) score of the sample was 34.1, indicating a sufficient level of HL. However, almost half of the sample showed a limited level of HL. Health promotion was identified as the most problematic domain of HL, with fifty percent of participants having a limited level. Outpatients achieved overall better scores than inpatients, although the difference was not significant. We found no statistical differences between tested variables. The results suggest that the prevalence of limited HL in people undergoing treatment for alcohol abuse is relatively high. Interventions should be carried out to increase the overall level of HL. An adequate level of HL may improve overall health, as well as the treatment outcomes of people addicted to alcohol.

Introduction: There are many scales of assessment and prediction of risk of delirium, but they are little known and rarely used by professionals. Recognition of delirium by nurses continues to be limited. Design: The prospective observational study included 50 consecutive non-intubated patients staying in the ICU for more than 24 hours. Setting: Department of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine (5 beds) of AGEL Hospital in Valašské Meziříčí, between September 2020 and March 2021. Methods: Primary outcome was to compare the presence of delirium in non-intubated ICU patients with two simultaneously used assessment tools: the Neelon and Champagne (NEECHAM) Confusion Scale, and the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). A secondary outcome was to verify the NEECHAM Confusion Scale reliability in the Czech ICU setting. Results: The study found that the incidence rates detected by the CAM-ICU (32%) and NEECHAM Confusion Scale (28%) were comparable. Nearly a third of CAM-ICU-negative patients were found to belong to the mild confusion or at-risk NEECHAM Confusion Scale groups. The internal consistency of the NEECHAM Confusion Scale assessed with Cronbach's α was 0.703. There was a statistically significant relationship between delirium and two of the studied patient parameters (GCS score and use of antipsychotics). Conclusions: Delirium is common in ICU patients, but it often remains undiagnosed. Various tools have been developed to help identify delirium patients. Their use has been shown to result in better outcomes. Both studied tools (the CAM-ICU and NEECHAM Confusion Scale) appear to be suitable and convenient.

Disease means a difficult life situation for a patient, which affects his/her quality of life. The target of the study was to measure the quality of life in selected groups of patients: in dialysis patients (n=29), in diabetics (n=100) and in patients after a distal limb amputation (n=82), and to compare these results with population standards. In the contemporary healthcare system, the quality of life serves for the assessment of the efficacy of the care and investigation of impacts of diseases on the patient life. The evaluation can also be used for providing the quality of life in taking care of health in a community and subsequently for a further care planning. The questionnaire WHOQOL-BREF was employed for the quality of life measurement, which determines the quality of life in four domains: physical, psychological, social sphere and environment. In patients after the distal limb amputation, there was a significantly lower score of the quality of life in the physical, psychological and social sphere (not in the domain of environment) compared with the common population. In dialysis patients and in diabetics, there was a lower score of the quality of life in the field of the physical health only. The evaluation of the psychological and social aspects of the quality of life was the same in these patients as in the common population. For the enhancement of the quality of life of patients in the community care, it is particularly necessary to consider those groups of patients, whose disease hits most severely the quality of life in individual areas. Integral multidisciplinary care is also necessary.

The purpose of the work was to identify basic determinants affecting the quality of life of patients with non-specific bowel inflammation. For the measurement of the quality of life, a modified version of the questionnaire for inflammatory intestinal diseases Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) was employed. The sample group included 65 patients with non-specific bowel inflammation (Crohn disease or ulcerous colitis). For the summarized assessment of answers of respondents, descriptive statistics was used (arithmetic mean value, standard error). Differences in the quality of life based on variables selected (type of the disease, duration of the disease, rate of recurrence of the disease, age, gender, martial status) multivariate analysis of variance - MANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and unpaired Student t-test at a significance level (p) ≤ 0.05 were used. The IBDQ reliability was evaluated in terms of the intrinsic consistence (Cronbach alpha coefficient).
The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the modified IBDQ version was of 0.95 which indicates a good intrinsic consistence of the translated version. We simultaneously supported the fact that between IBDQ subscales, there are mutual relationships (Pearson coefficient values were of 0.66 to 0.928). In the respondents, we found no significant differences in the quality of life in terms of the duration of the disease and martial status. A linear relationship was determined between the duration of the last recurrence and quality of life of patients. In terms of the gender, we observed a more negative evaluation of the quality of life in women in terms of intestinal and systemic regions.
The quality of life of patients with non-specific bowel inflammation is considerably affected by the duration of the last recurrence. The women with the disease perceive physical aspects of the quality of life more negatively compared with men. Between particular areas of the quality of life, there are statistically significant relationships and particular dimensions of the quality of life affect each other. The modified Slovak version of the IBDQ is a reliable tool for the measurement of the quality of life of patients with non-specific bowel inflammation.

Aim: Stroke is a major health burden that causes adult mortality and disability. Cognitive impairment is common after stroke, and this condition can affect the patient's quality of life and independence. In this study, we investigated the association between stroke recurrence frequency and cognitive function. Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional study. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data on a total of 69 stroke patients from the University of Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM) Hospital. The inclusion criteria were stroke patients who experienced recurrence, were conscious, and able to communicate at least verbally. The determination of the number of samples was made using G*Power software with an effect size of 0.35, p-value of 0.05, and power of 80%. Data was collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire and mini-mental state examination. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's rho correlation due to the violated normal distribution assumption. Results: The mean age of the participants was 61.91 (12.65) years, and 84.10% of them had ischemic stroke. The highest incidence of stroke recurrence was the first recurrence (63%), and the majority of respondents had moderate cognitive impairment (52.18%). There is an association between stroke recurrence and cognitive function, with a low correlation (p = 0.017, r = -0.29). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that cognitive function will be decreased by stroke recurrence. Healthcare teams should develop strategies and intervention protocols to improve patient compliance in controlling factors that can cause stroke recurrence, so that cognitive function decline can be minimized.

The authors implemented an empirical research with the use of a questionnaire examination. The research was performed in students who completed at least two years of the study, in May to June 2008. A pilot study including the reliability test was performed in 53 students; the main research group included 1361 students - 1053 boys and 308 girls. To reveal the importance of information communicated (Disman, 2006) the technique of qualitative research was also conclusively employed - several types of interviews.
A number of important findings were obtained in the study. In the determination of the satisfaction with the life, the university students admit the highest value in the indicator "satisfaction with friends and acquaintances", further highly estimated indicators being the satisfaction with "the family life", "the general health condition", "the success and respect of other people" and "the general quality of life". The lowest level was assigned to the satisfaction with "the free time".
In the determination of differences between boy and girl students of the Czech Technical Universities the authors obtained interesting findings. There was the largest difference in two indicators affecting one another: the satisfaction "with his/her partner" and "with his/her sexual life", where the problem is most likely to be the fact that nearly a half of boys still have not initiated any partnership. In contrast, in girls, there was a lower satisfaction with "their body weight", "with the body fitness" and "with the health condition".
In a comparison of results of university students with a sample of the Czech Republic population, in most indicators, there were more positive values in university students. The largest differences in favour of university students were found in the satisfaction "with their friends and acquaintances", "with the family life", "with the success and respect recognized by other people" and in "the satisfaction with the body weight". The sample of the Czech Republic population exerted higher values in the "satisfaction with the free time" and in the male category also in the "satisfaction with the partner" and in the satisfaction "with the sexual life".

In the contribution, the authors deal with the assessment of the quality of life of women in the period of their physiological pregnancy. The work first summarizes still existing knowledge concerning the research of the quality of life in the period of pregnancy obtained in abroad and describes methodological approaches to the examination of the quality of life in pregnant women. The targets of the research study were as follows: 1. Mapping of experiencing changes resulting from pregnancy and effects of these changes on the quality of life; 2. Identification of variables considerably affecting the quality of life in this period from the viewpoint of the women; 3. Accumulation of data for a proposal of questionnaire items for a new specific questionnaire, which would be able to sensitively detect the quality of life in pregnant women. The research sample included n = 23 pregnant women (in second to third trimesters) aged on average 32 years, s = 2.64. The data were acquired with the help of a qualitative method of focus groups, and at a further stage of the research, the methodology was based on a work by Strauss and Corbin (1999), particularly with the use of so called grounded theory. The data acquired were analyzed by encoding (open, axial and selective). The main outcome of the qualitative research study is a causal theoretical model summarizing opinions of women concerning the way of affecting the quality of life by physiological pregnancy. The authors identified those variables (associated with the quality of life), which were most considerably perceived by women affected by pregnancy. The qualitative methods made possible deeper assessment of experiencing the pregnancy and quality of life. The data obtained were used for a compilation of a specific questionnaire, which could be useful in determining the quality of life in a larger group of pregnant women.

The objective of the research study was to assess the possible use of a Czech standardized version of the Menopause Rating Scale questionnaire in electronic form, concerning the quality of women's life in the period affected by menopause.
The quantitative survey was conducted in 2015 on a sample of 364 respondents within the age range from 45 to 60 years with present oestrogen deficiency symptoms. The respondents filled in the Menopause Rating Scale questionnaire in their own social environment using an online form based on previous education. The data was then subjected to statistical evaluation; results were compared with the results of data collected in the form of a printed questionnaire.
Most frequently, the respondents reported a minor intensity of difficulties or absence of some symptoms. The respondents encountered the least distinctive difficulties in the urogenital domain. Based on the resulting values of the total score in the partial domains, we can state that the quality of women's life was only affected by the present estrogen deficiency to a minor extent. The results correspond with those of researches utilizing the form of a printed questionnaire.
One of the tasks of the clinical practice and preventive measures in the area of gynaecology and obstetrics is to prepare women to changes related to menopause and to provide them with adequate information. Medical staff must have such an evaluation instrument available that can be used for evaluating potential changes in this period and then help the women adequately. The Menopause Rating Scale is such a tool. The electronic form of this instrument appears to be a suitable form for initiating communication between the client and medical staff. At the same time it allows the woman to obtain initial and immediate feedback concerning her perceived problems.

The incidence of cardiovascular disease is linked to the risk factors of lifestyle. Traditional influences are smoking, diet, physical activity and psychosocial factors. Psychosocial factors include low socio-economic status, lack of social support, work-related stress and the state or type of family life, depression and anxiety, and hostility. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the connection of the views on selected psychosocial factors of cardiovascular diseases with selected sociodemographic characteristics. A quantitative method using quantitative interviews was used to achieve the objectives. In total, 1,992 persons aged 40 years and older were addressed. The set was representative of age, gender, and residence. The information obtained was subjected to statistical analysis and the rate of dependence was assessed by the chi-2 test, the t-test and the analysis of the test. The results show that in prevention the doctors are focused on obtaining information about the employment of their patients, the patient's lifestyle and how the diagnosed cardiovascular disease affects the normal life of patients. Less often, in practice, questions on socio-economic factors are found. In most questions, there was a significant link with age, employment and family status. Positive questions were more often answered by respondents over the age of 60, widowed respondents and respondents in disability or retirement age. This may be related to targeted interventions for these vulnerable groups of patients. For most respondents, the family is a foothold of lifestyle change.

Philosophy of contemporary nursing is inseparably associated with holism, with introducing the most recent scientific knowledge into nursing practice and accessibility of quality care to healthy as well as diseased individuals. In spite of the fact that this is a relatively young scientific discipline, it is supported by quality theoretical as well as scientific background and terminology. The main targets are maintaining, supporting and recovering health of individuals similarly as development of self-sufficiency and moderation of suffering in incurable patients or possibly helping in quiet dying and death. For this purpose, it is not sufficient to consequently implement the ordered procedures only, but it is also necessary to take into account the individual nature of each patient and his/her specific needs and preferences. The term "quality of life" has been discussed in relationship to the health and life from the second half of the 20th century. Although it is considerably affected by subjective feelings of satisfaction and objective capability of self-fulfilment in everyday life and by the availability of material as well as non-material sources, its importance as related to nursing cannot be reduced just to the result of the implementation of accurately defined procedures. The quality of life is a holistic phenomenon, which is determined by cultural, political, economic and many further factors. Thus, for providing quality and effective care in accordance with most recent knowledge, it is of importance to understand its position in context of social sciences as well as in historical context of nursing. The work presented here is thus focused on delimitation of the relationship of the quality of life to nursing based on analyzing sources available with the use of the databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, EBSCO and SpringerLink. The work also offers an outline of research activities in the Czech Republic compiled with the use of the database IS VaVaI, serving for the accumulation, processing and subsequent use of data on the research, development and innovations, which are supported from public financial means. In the field of the definition and investigation of the quality of life as related to different diseases, it includes total of 33 research projects implemented since 2000.

Tourette syndrome is a lifelong neuropsychiatric disease exerting its onset in the childhood and characterized by the presence of tics, which are also frequently accompanied by behaviour disorders and further co-morbid conditions. Genetic factors frequently participate in its development, but epigenetic effects also cannot be excluded. In addition to tics, individuals with Tourette syndrome suffer from rather numerous locomotor and other specific symptoms in the behavioural and mental areas. The target of the present outline was to bring a summarization of topical knowledge from the scientific literature concerning the quality of life of patients with this disease in the most important fields and thus, to help explaining the impact of this disease on the everyday life.
Professional licensed databases of scientific journals and e-books, such as Medline, EBSCO complete, Springer and Blackwell, were employed to acquire relevant sources of special information and compilation of the outline of scientific studies published in this field.
Tourette syndrome is not a degenerative disease, but it affects several areas of the development and life. Numerous research studies bring data about a generally lower quality of life with this disease, where the most important predictors are the severity of tics and also occurrence and severity of associated co-morbidity, particularly in the sense of obsessive-compulsive disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The area of the social function can be considered as the most markedly negatively affected dimension of the quality of life. Due to tics, the Tourette syndrome considerably affects the locomotor development, which is frequently also associated with problems in the field of the cognitive capacity. There is, however, a particularly important impact on the social and emotional development, due to which particularly adolescent patients suffer from a reduction in their self-confidence and lack of experience in interactions with other people.
The present study also attempts to show that people suffering from Tourette syndrome are able to live in adequate manner provided that they are appropriately and beneficially supported. Early and accurate diagnosis provides the background necessary for the treatment. There are numerous alternatives in the field of pharmacotherapy and rehabilitation and improving the general quality of the life in the presence of the disease. An important factor affecting the quality of life is also the attitude and support by the family and also professionals providing the care.

Aim: To find out how the burden associated with experiencing symptoms affects the degree of social support and the incidence of depression in patients with cancer.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Methods: 100 patients (47 women and 53 men) diagnosed with cancer, at different stages of disease severity, were involved in the study.
We used the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS) to assess symptom survival. The scale assesses 32 symptoms in three sub-scales (physical, psychological, symptoms, total distress). To assess social assistance we used the SELSA range, containing 20 items, divided into 3 sub-categories - social relationships, family relationships, partnerships. To assess the survival of sadness and more serious symptoms of depression, we used a range of depression - CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale).
Results: The results show that with a higher incidence of troublesome symptoms patients are more likely to suffer on the one hand from depression and, on the other hand, from lower levels of social support in individual domains. The greatest degree of linear dependence is observed between the occurrence of psychological symptoms and the family domain in the SELSA scale (0.470), the occurrence of psychological symptoms and the overall rate of social support (0.456).
Conclusion: The results of the study correspond with the conclusions of several studies showing that the occurrence of symptom-aggravating symptoms of patients with oncological disease significantly affects the degree of social support from individual members of the family. For nurses in clinical practice, the assessment of harrowing symptoms using scales can serve to plan and implement effective interventions to promote the quality of life of patients with oncological and other infectious diseases.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the main contributing factors to the implicit rationing of nursing care in the Slovak Republic. Design: A mixed-method study. Methods: In our study, we included 504 registered nurses from two university hospitals and three teaching hospitals. Respondents who answered the open-ended question were involved in the further analysis. The Perceived Implicit Rationing of Nursing Care (PIRNCA) instrument was used for measuring the implicit rationing of nursing care. The open-ended question in the questionnaire was the subject of the thematic analysis in this study. Results: Four major topics were identified regarding staffing issues, material resources, documentation, and management issues. Moreover, other problems unrelated to the issues emerged. Conclusions: Identified factors were considered to be significant. Within our study, the emphasis was placed on three main factors which were described concerning the nursing profession. Only management can improve these conditions. Therefore we present the results for further consideration by hospital management.

Nurses' resilience and occupational satisfaction are important factors for preventing burnout, compassion fatigue and turnover of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. This study determined the relationship between resilience and occupational satisfaction, burnout and compassion fatigue in Turkish intensive care unit nurses. This descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study was conducted with 79 ICU nurses. Data were collected using a personal information form, the Life Quality Scale for Workers, and the Resilience Scale for Adults. The mean scores for the ProQOL subscale scores were examined; occupational satisfaction 24.64 ± 8.45, burnout 19.17 ± 6.24 and compassion fatigue 13.45 ± 5.69. The resilience scale total score was 128.67 ± 14.84. There is a positive moderate relation between resilience and occupational satisfaction, and a negative moderate relation between resilience and burnout. Improving the resilience of ICU nurses can be a useful strategy for decreasing their occupational satisfaction and burnout. Nurse managers may use the results of this study for designing programs to facilitate the development of resilience in all nurses working in intensive care units.

Introduction and objective: The article aims to estimate the extent of alcohol use and some other mental health issues among Ukrainians who entered the Czech Republic after 24th February 2022. Previous studies focused on the use of alcohol and other substances among Ukrainians in the Czech Republic can't be applied to the current situation as these studies mostly covered the male population and economic migration that differed considerably from the situation in 2022. Methods: A convenience non-representative online survey was conducted on a sample of 66 Ukrainian refugees in the Czech Republic. Most respondents came to the Czech Republic with their children. Standard questionnaires related to substance use (alcohol, tobacco) were used to determine the reasons for alcohol drinking and possible depression symptoms. Results: According to the results of the AUDIT tool, most respondents can be classified as low risk in terms of alcohol drinking. Some respondents referred to alcohol-related problems. Since the beginning of the war and since arriving in Czechia, there is a high positive correlation between the change in drinking frequency and the change in the amount of alcohol use during a typical drinking occasion. The results also showed a high level of depression symptoms and a high level of smoking. Conclusion: The results are in line with other (rare) research in the field. The importance of alcohol consumption research is stressed, while longer-term research is highly desirable.

Alcohol is a significant negative factor that affects public health in the Czech Republic (CR). Nearly one in five Czech adults consume alcohol in a hazardous way. Data indicate a gradual reduction of gender differences in alcohol consumption, emphasising the need for gender-sensitive alcohol treatment services. The objective of the study is to analyse the current state of alcohol treatment services in the Czech Republic and to identify the deficiencies of the system with respect to the growing incidence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) among women. The study combines the analysis of relevant documents and available statistical data with explorative experts' interviews. The data were analysed using a thematic analysis. Five key topics were identified related to female AUD treatment: low accessibility of AUD services; missing gender sensitive services; poorly functioning AUD prevention; fragmentation and lack of coordination between services; and dual social stigmatization of women with AUD. The analysis shows that the AUD treatment system in the CR is designed as a unified system for men and women. Gender aspects are not considered.