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This work is focused on a research concept of SEIQoL (The Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life), i. e. on a programme of the evaluation of individually understood quality of life. In the introduction, it attempts to delimit or define the concept of the quality of life and elucidate general approaches to the evaluation of the quality of life in terms of psychology, sociology and medicine. It informs on principal conceptual proposals of the SEIQoL concept, i. e. on the individual approach to the evaluation, specification of five most important areas of life (life targets) in respondents together with percent measure of the satisfaction and importance attributed to them by respondents. However, it particularly explains in detail and graphically represents a particular method of the data evaluation in this approach. By way of illustration, it also presents a method of the use of the SEIQoL concept on a sample of ten respondents with Bechtěrev disease, who participated in the therapy in the spa Bertiny lázně in Třeboň in January 2008. The index of the quality of life in these respondents was on average of 64.9%; differences in the perception of the quality of life were compared and discussed depending on the gender and different age groups. Problems of the objectivizing the quality of life, dynamic nature of the concept of the quality of life itself and advantages and disadvantages of the use of the SEIQoL concept itself are conclusively considered.

The complex nature of the social position of the Romany minority within the majority society and many problems associated with changes in the life style and components determining the health calls for their deeper knowledge and for finding further ways of possible solution. In association with this, the University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Health and Social Studies was assigned a project of the Czech Grant Agency "Quality of life, average and healthy length of life in terms of components determining the health in Romany population in the Czech and Slovak Republic", to be solved in 2007 - 2009. PhDr. Eva Davidová, CSc is the principal investigator.
The scope of the project is a research of the health and social situation of Romany citizens in selected regions of the Czech Republic, South-Bohemian and North-Moravian Regions and in Slovak Republic, Košice Region and Prešov Region. The object of the research is the Romany population in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic represented by samples of networks of Romany families. The main target group of our research project are Slovak Romany people. The quality of life and the average and healthy length of the life are evaluated in association with components determining the health in Romany people depending on their sub-ethnic, local and life differentiation. As a comparative sample, a lower number of non-Romany families living under relatively similar life conditions were investigated.
The article is focused on theoretical starting points of the project solution (including terminological delimitation), demographic characteristic of the target group, methodology of the project solution and its current condition.

Aim: Dysphagia is a common and potentially serious problem in patients with neurological conditions. In many countries, dysphagia screening is used, which contributes to better patient outcomes. In Greece, the implementation of dysphagia screening has not yet been described. The aim was to examine the effectiveness of an educational session delivered to Greek masters-level nursing students and their faculty on the correct use of an 8-item nursing dysphagia screening instrument developed in the Czech Republic.
Methods: Fifteen students and nursing faculty members of the Technological Educational Institute of Athens were enrolled in this descriptive pilot study. They were educated on dysphagia in a session consisting of a theoretical and practical part and a discussion. The participants were asked to indicate their clinical experience with dysphagia and their opinion on the importance of nurses' involvement in dysphagia assessment. Their knowledge of the screening procedure and interpretation and documentation of the result was tested using a hypothetical patient case.
Results: In this study, 4 (27%) participants had prior experience with patients with dysphagia. All of them thought that nurses' involvement in dysphagia assessment was very important. Slightly more than half of the participants identified, interpreted, and documented all of the 8 item results correctly.
Conclusion: The participants were motivated to learn, however, complete mastery of the assessment technique was not achieved. The learning experience was affected by several issues that were unique to Greece, and the participants' efforts focused on understanding how the new knowledge and skills could affect their daily practice. Direct ongoing support in the clinical setting could be beneficial.

Introduction: The multidisciplinary concept of physical disability (in comparison with other disabilities, such as mental or social) is considered less problematic. In nursing, we can point out many variables (incontinence, a higher risk of decubitus ulcers, spasticity, etc.) whose combination can be called physical disability. Goal: The goal of this study is to map selected evaluation and measuring tools that can be applied in the assessment of physically disabled patients' needs. Methods: This review study was carried out to map selected evaluating tools for the assessment of physically disabled patients' needs. The data were gained from academic databases of Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, Ebsco and Pubmed between 2015 and 2019. After the classification by the established criteria, we identified 12 relevant sources. Results: We found 5 possibly relevant tools for the assessment of physically disabled patients' needs. The specific tools were WHODAS 2.0, MDS, MDS-BV, SDS and ICF. Conclusions: All identified tools can be used for the assessment of physically disabled patients and are suitable for implementation in clinical practice. It was necessary to carry out this study in the Czech clinical practice to learn the effectiveness, usefulness, validity, reliability, specifics and sensitivity of selected tools.

The aim of this article is to characterize the legal position of seniors living in rural areas, and to research the question of whether the term "senior" is defined in the Czech legal system, and how the law deals with social exclusion and the possibilities of its elimination. Methods used in this article include, in particular, legal analysis of selected legal texts. An additional technique was qualitative research enacted through the technique of focus groups with seniors living in the territory of the district of Strakonice and Český Krumlov, situated in the region of Southern Bohemia. There were in total 31 informants participating in the research, aged 65-74 years. The criteria for their choice are described in detail in the methodological section of this article. The results of legal analysis have shown that the Czech jurisdiction does not include the definition of the term "senior", which can result in differing attitudes towards seniors in the Czech Republic that are based on their age (for example, the system of providing travel discounts to seniors is not unified in the individual regions of the Czech Republic). If the Czech state accepted the unambiguous term "senior", the rights of seniors would be unequivocally determined and there would not be discrepancies or even discrimination in treating seniors. The legal analysis of the terms "position of seniors" and "social exclusion" has brought an interesting recommendation regarding which seniors should be informed. This area should be the responsibility of each municipality. The qualitative research has shown that seniors view several fields as the crucial components of social exclusion in particular accommodation, leisure time, health and accessibility of social services.

This study aimed to determine the correlation between family support and the psychological well-being of patients with end-stage renal disease. This study was designed as a cross-sectional observation analytic study. The samples were collected based on a purposive random sampling technique. The study instrument was a questionnaire about family support and Ryff psychological well-being. The data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. A total of 26 patients (93%) had good family support with various emotional support. The majority of patients (20 patients, 71%) had positive relationships with others. The correlation between family support and psychological well-being was moderate (p = 0.020, r = 0.439), the family's involvement and attention to the end-stage renal disease patients increased the patients' psychological well-being. However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between gender in the family support and the psychological well-being of end-stage renal disease patients or hemodialysis patients.

This paper deals with the issue of assistance for women from marginalised Roma communities who are experiencing domestic violence, which is a highly topical issue in the Slovak Republic. In the introduction, the paper focuses on clarifying the research problem, theoretical anchoring of the topic, and the research being carried out in this area. The more essential part includes the partial results of the longitudinal study on violence against Roma women (which started in 2016). The research objective was to identify the barriers to seeking assistance and the provision of this assistance for Roma women experiencing domestic violence. To achieve the research objective, the method of grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin version) was used. In the study, we conducted ten expert interviews with the representatives of selected organisations operating in Slovakia. They were the largest organisations operating in Slovakia. The analysis of the interviews showed that there are five main barriers to assistance for women from marginalised Roma communities who are experiencing domestic violence. These barriers are: prejudice and discrimination, downplaying and secondary victimisation by assisting professionals who are in first contact with the women experiencing the violence, unawareness of assistance opportunities among Roma women, inaccessibility of specialised services for victims of domestic violence, and, finally, multiple marginalisation of Roma women caused by poverty, community pressure, long-term unemployment, geographical isolation, and low standard of living. In the discussion section, the findings are compared with foreign findings by relevant authors.

Objective: Administering medication is one of the key nursing processes in hospitals. Unfortunately, there are many mistakes in drug administering that arise from human error and interfere with all activities related to drug management. Methods: This qualitative research aimed to analyse the process of administering drugs by nurses at selected South Bohemian hospitals using SWOT analysis and SWOT risk analysis. We studied medication processes in selected South Bohemian hospitals. The research was conducted at selected inpatient departments of these hospitals (surgery, internal medicine, and aftercare department). Top management representatives and a nurse manager also attended. Results: The analysis of the drug administration process provided the basis for creating SWOT analysis and SWOT risk analysis for selected hospitals. We identified key factors influencing the quality of the nurse drug administration process and constructed strategic recommendations for improving this process. The improvements included a transition to comprehensive electronic documentation, connection of the hospital pharmacy system with the hospital information system (HIS), increasing the number of staff members according to the situation of the hospital, higher use of clinical pharmacists, and sharing experience between hospitals. The SWOT risk analysis was also used to identify the risk areas of the studied medication processes. Conclusions: The results of this study include an analysis of the key factors that influence the quality of the drug administration process for nurses using SWOT analysis and SWOT risk analysis. Based on the analyses, we defined recommendations for hospital management to improve and reduce the risks of this process.

The aim was to identify and characterize instruments for assessing the work environment of nurses. The sources of information were articles in six electronic databases. Prior to the search, a clinical question was constructed: "Which instruments are suitable for assessing the work environment of hospital nurses?" The query words were practice/work environment, nursing, scale. The search, using Boolean operators and limited to the period of 2010-2020, was performed from May to June 2020. The inclusion criteria were: empirical study, description of methods used, and an available English full text. From a total of 1,212 identified articles, 57 were selected for the final analysis. The studies used as many as 23 instruments. The most common ones were the Practice Environment Scale - Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) or the variants Practice Environment Scale and Nursing Work Index, followed by Brisbane Practice Environment Measure and Revised Professional Practice Environment. The work environment was assessed along with other variables such as burnout syndrome or workload. Among the numerous instruments for monitoring the work environment, the PES-NWI was most commonly used. The instrument has also been translated into the Czech language. The study results suggest that the quality of the work environment is associated, for example, with nurses' job satisfaction or burnout syndrome, illustrating the importance of this issue in the Czech setting.

Spatial mobility of seniors is one of the current topics under investigation. Its relevance is due to both the ageing population and issues related to the quality of life of seniors. It is linked to how the spatial mobility of seniors affects their personal or family life, but also community and public life. The factors that promote spatial mobility and those that hinder it are the subject of contemporary research. Among the topics related to ageing and old age, the autonomy of seniors, which encompasses several aspects, is also under investigation. The intersection of these two topics, i.e., spatial mobility and autonomy, raises the questions of how these phenomena and processes are related, to what extent they condition each other and, as a result, what functions mobile autonomy, so conceived, fulfils or, conversely, under what circumstances it ceases to be functional. An analysis of 24 semi-structured interviews with seniors over 70 years of age was conducted. The main objective of the study was to discover what importance seniors attach to the outdoor mobility for their individual autonomy. We deconstructed this goal into the following research questions: (a) What importance do seniors attach to the outdoor mobility modes they use? (b) What circumstances do seniors identify as affecting their mobility? (c) How do seniors respond to the limitations in their outdoor mobility? In particular, the modus of the car has been shown to be important, but the importance is differentiated according to different criteria, e.g., whether the senior drives alone, whether his/her partner drives or whether s/he relies on the help of others. A big question is how drivers cope when they stop driving or are forced to stop. The importance of the bicycle, usually linked to the wider radius of the elderly person's daily living space, depends on health, fitness, and lifestyle. From the interviews, it is evident that the situation of seniors and their coping strategies, especially in the case of advanced old age, are well characterized by their ability and commitment to walking. The analysis of the interviews leads to a typology of seniors' attitudes towards mobility and its importance for their own autonomy.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of using the buzzy application on the level of the anxiety and pain in children with cancer during infusion. Methods: This is a randomized control trial study comprising of a sample of 53 children with cancer (aged 3-18 years) scheduled to be given infusion. The study was conducted in a children's chemotherapy ward. Data were obtained using a patient biographical data questionnaire, the buzzy application, and an infusion needle. The Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale instrument was used to measure pain and anxiety. The measurement of anxiety in the buzzy and control groups was carried out before and after the insertion while the pain was measured at the insertion of the infusion needle. The intervention group received buzzy 15 seconds before infusion, which is further maintained for 3 minutes after stabbing. Data analysis was used T-test, pain score used paired sample T-test and anxiety score used independent sample T-test significant at <0.05. Results: Statistics showed a significant difference of p = 0.001 in anxiety and pain between the buzzy and control groups. The difference in mean anxiety in the buzzy group (4.37 ± 1.30) was greater than the control group (2.24 ± 0.77). Meanwhile, pain in the buzzy group was lower than the control group, the pain score was reported by the children and also observed by the nurse. Conclusions: The use of buzzy during infusion effectively reduces anxiety and pain in children with cancer.

Introduction: In the Czech Republic, like in other European countries, we are witnessing an expansion of programmes for families who care for their relatives with dementia. Objective: Our study aimed to investigate whether caregivers are interested in such psychoeducational programmes, what barriers prevent them from using them, and what form of programmes they would prefer. Results: 85 adults who cared for a family member with dementia participated in our questionnaire survey. The results showed a link between the respondents' age and their willingness and ability to participate in psychoeducational programmes. With increasing age, interest in such programmes decreased. For older respondents, mainly providers of partner care, the most frequent obstacle was the impossibility of leaving the care recipient alone at home. Preferences regarding the format of psychoeducational programmes were also age dependent: younger participants preferred support groups, consultations in their own home, and meeting jointly with the care recipient more than the older caregivers, who tended to prefer 'traditional' forms of education (consultations or psychoeducational courses). Conclusions: Our results indicate that it is unproductive to strive for a single 'ideal' form of psychoeducational programme that would suit everyone. Instead, the offer should reflect the differing demands of caregiver groups.

The system of cost sharing has changed several times in the Czech Republic, and it is not out of the question that further changes will take place. High out-of-pocket payments have a considerable impact on patients and the burden on their household budgets. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the impact of out-of-pocket payments on the burden of Czech households from a long term perspective and to determine the most vulnerable groups, taking into account policy changes across the observed period of 2007-2014. We use micro data from the Household Budget Survey conducted by the Czech Statistical Office. The burden and its changes are observed and a burden breakdown for out-of-pocket payment types is made. Special attention is paid to households with members aged 65 or more, and also to households with children. To estimate the burden, regression models are run using the Ordinary Least Square method with robust standard errors. We found that the burden is not equitably distributed among households, but that it tends to decrease with time. Modifications in user fees contributed to this decreasing trend. Even though protective mechanisms from high out-of-pocket payments are applied in the health care system, households with members aged over 65 years faced the highest burden. Another significant predictor of the high burden is household income and the presence of a health problem. Improvement of protection would be justifiable, especially in relation to the income situation of the household.

The aim of this study is the further development and verification of "The Check-List for Nurse Anaesthetists" (CLNA). A mixed method study design was applied in order to do so. A focus group consisting of 13 nurses - with a long-standing professional experience in anaesthesiology and intensive care nursing - participated in the first stage of testing. They developed a check-list for nurse anaesthetists. Then, the group attempted to validate and standardise the developed tool. The check-list made it possible to gather information on the procedures performed by nurse anaesthetists which were grouped in six sections. In total, 130 check-lists were validated during the second stage of testing. The Check-List for Nurse Anaesthetists increases the safety of the nursing staff and patients; it helps to maintain a safe working environment, increase responsibility for safe working conditions and awareness of the responsibility among nurse anaesthetists, as well as collect information on the causes of adverse events in anaesthesiology nursing, record them and modify practice accordingly. According to the Working Group of the Polish Association of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Nurses, The Check-List for Nurse Anaesthetists should be included in the mandatory or minimum list of additional internal patient documentation.

Introduction:The prevalence of behavioral symptoms in a patient with Alzheimer's dementia is one of the factors that significantly affects nursing care. It is a major problem of nursing care and the main cause of institutionalization and increased costs. Design: For this research, the design of a prospective quantitative study based on the assessment scale was chosen. Objective: The aim of the research was to map out the prevalence of behavioral symptoms, the manifestations of problem behavior in Alzheimer's dementia patients, and to determine the influence of gender on individual manifestations. Methodology: We used the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) to assess behavioral symptoms; problem behavior of patients with Alzheimer dementia. We statistically processed the results using the Mann-Whitney U test. The survey sample consisted of 413 patients who were randomly assigned to the sample. Results: The incidence of behavioral symptoms and behavioral problems in up to 92% of patients was detected with the scale (54 average rank). The problem was higher in man than in women (49 average rank), but this difference was only random and did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.273 ). Concerning aggressive behavior, we note that there is a statistically significant difference (p = 0.038) in the manifestations of aggressive behavior between men and women. There is no statistically significant difference in the manifestations of physically nonaggressive behavior (p = 0.098) and verbal restlessness (p = 0.220) between men and women. Conclusions: The problem of prevalence of behavioral symptoms, problem behavior in patients with Alzheimer's dementia, is highly relevant. Finally, we can state that gender does not have an unambiguous influence on behavioral symptom manifestations, problem behavior in patients with Alzheimer's dementia.

Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of swallowing exercise in combination with Benson relaxation on swallowing ability in stroke patients. Design: Quasi-Experimental Study. Methods: Analytic quantitative with quasi-experimental (pre-test and post-test design) was used to measure the effect of swallowing exercise in combination with Benson relaxation on swallowing ability among stroke patients. The sampling method was carried out by consecutive sampling technique. Based on the Lemeshow sample formula, a total of 20 respondents who met the inclusion criteria were involved in this study. Swallowing ability was measured by the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). The data collected were processed with SPSS version 24.0, and analyzed by the statistical formula paired t-test. The study was conducted at the general hospital of Dr. Soekardjo Tasikmalaya between August 3rd and December 10th 2021. Results: There was a significant difference in swallowing ability before and after the intervention, from the mean ± SD score 8.60 ± 4.21 to 15.70 ± 4.00. The significance level is confirmed with a p-value = 0.0005. Conclusions: This study shows that the combination of swallowing exercise and Benson relaxation has a strong effect on improving the swallowing ability of stroke patients. This study indicates that nurses need to conduct comprehensive nursing interventions by combining swallowing exercise and Benson relaxation among stroke patients, both in the hospital and at the patient's home by involving the family.

Introduction: A holistic and prevention-oriented health care system relies, among other things, on educational institutions that prepare future professionals for the various specialties. Previous research shows that working in primary health prevention is less attractive to students of health sciences. Objectives: The study examined the career interests of dietetics students, and the role of acquired skills, satisfaction with their studies, and length of study on these interests. Methods: Three scales measuring self-assessed competencies, satisfaction with studies, and career interests were validated and used in the study on a sample (N = 123) of dietetics students in Slovenia. Reliability and dimensional structure analyses of the scales, descriptive statistics, and linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Students were primarily interested in becoming public health dietitians and showed little interest in the work of an administrative dietitian. Self-assessed competencies, satisfaction with the programme, and length of study explained a moderate amount of the variance in career aspirations for work as a clinical dietitian and for research in dietetics. However, the factors studied did not explain career preferences for administration or public health dietitian. Conclusions: The study shows that preferences and interests for different occupational subfields in dietetics are determined by different factors and that a general predictive model is not a valid approach for studying preferences and interests for work.

The research aimed to demonstrate a broader context in the assessment of patient safety culture and its subsequent application to the selected sample of nurses. Foreign research shows that there is a relationship between the evaluation of particular patient safety culture dimensions and socio-demographic data. It was found that between the dependent (overall perception of patient safety and frequency of events reported) and independent variables of patient safety culture dimensions it is possible to ratify the statistically significant relationship. To reveal the predicted context, the standardized questionnaire of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) was used and also validated in the Czech language. 207 respondents participated in the research study. The whole questionnaire was evaluated for reliability using Cronbach α with a score of 0.877. The composite score required to determine the particular dimensions was first calculated using AHRQ's methodological procedures. Within our research, we have demonstrated by computed dimensions the correlation between socio-demographic data (i.e., length of the practice in the hospital, length of practice in the current hospital work area/unit and length of practice in the current profession or specialist field) and some dimensions of patient safety culture. The results showed that, in proportion to the length of practice, the level in some dimensions also increased. Through the multidimensional linear regression it was confirmed that dependent variables in dimensions of patient safety culture (overall perception of patient safety and frequency of events reported) are significantly associated with other independent variables of dimensions. The quality of the model used was assessed by determination coefficient, which confirmed this relationship as causative. The results are beneficial to the hospital management from the perspective of targeted activities leading to the improvement of overall perception of patient safety and the frequency of events reported.

Introduction: Patient falls are frequent unwanted events. Hospital managements have the important task of implementing an efficient programme of patient fall prevention - which is complex, multifactorial and highly individualized. The goal of this research was to assess the efficiency of the implemented fall prevention programme in selected South-Bohemian hospitals. Methods: This is an epidemiological, observational and interventional study. In 2018, 16 departments in 4 South-Bohemian hospitals implemented the intervention programme - the aim of which was to minimize risk factors of patient falls. All patients were included in the programme during the monitored period at selected workplaces. In 2017, 24,379 patients were included, and in 2018 there were 25,773 patients. We then monitored the efficiency of the implemented interventions. We assessed the differences between the incidence of falls in 2017 before the implementation of the intervention programme and the incidence of falls in 2018 during the realization of the programme. The fall index was set to the number of falls of 1,000 patients and the number of fall injuries during 1,000 days in hospital. Results: After the implementation of the prevention programme, the decrease in the number of falls was recorded at the departments of subsequent and rehabilitation care (from 39.12 to 30.9 falls/1,000 patients and from 0.79 to 0.58 falls with injuries/1,000 hospital days), departments of surgery (from 5.88 to 5.78 falls/1,000 patients and from 0.98 to 0.59 falls with injuries/1,000 hospital days) and the department of psychiatry (from 14.27 to 7.48 falls/1,000 patients and from 0.58 to 0.23 falls with injuries/1,000 hospital days). On the contrary, a higher fall index of falls was confirmed at internal departments (from 8.54 to 10.4 falls/1,000 patients and from 1.22 to 1.63 falls with injuries/1,000 hospital days). Conclusions: The fall monitoring and the root analysis of their causes enable the managements of medical institutions to establish efficient remedial and preventative measures that decrease the incidence of falls and minimize their consequences.

Aim: Family caregivers of hemodialysis patients play a vital role in the health sector. However, the care they provide (especially over a long period of time) can cause fatigue, stress, and create a burden for them. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the effect of family intervention programs in reducing the burdens of family caregivers. Methods: This is a systematic review, and the database used in the article search included EBSCO, ProQuest, and PubMed (using relevant keywords based on the topic and research title). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flow diagram was used in selecting a total of 2,052 articles. 8 were obtained according to the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in a descriptive narrative approach. Results: The 8 articles with family-based intervention programs consisting of family-centered interventions, educational interventions, and psychological interventions showed significant results in reducing the burdens of caregivers who take care of hemodialysis patients. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review show that intervention programs could help reduce the burdens of family caregivers when caring for hemodialysis patients.

The paper deals with searching connections between religiosity and quality of life in senior population. The topic is coming out of the increasing social stress on searching ways how to best support the concept of quality of life within individual and population aging. Pursuant to findings of many foreign studies, which mainly document very positive correlation, we have been proving whether and to what extent is religiosity respectively spirituality an intervening force for quality of life of Czech seniors. The first part of the paper summarizes theoretical conceptions of the terms religiosity, spirituality and quality of life and their mutual interaction. The second part deals with the question of application of these connections to domestic surroundings. The analyses used the data from the European Value Survey. As indicators of religiosity were chosen percipated importance of the God for life, acceptance of the statement about the possibility of communication with the God or force majeure without necessity of joining ecclesiastic structures and frequency of attendance church service today and at the age of 12 years of respondents. The quality of life was monitored through subjective evaluation of health, happiness and satisfaction with life. Ours findings show that religious seniors do not have higher quality of life in the monitored dimensions than those ones who are not religious oriented respectively the worse quality of life especially subjective health is connected with higher religiosity/spirituality. However the connection between those concepts is zero in many monitored particular relations. In discussion, therefore, we draw attention to pay increased attention to these relations considering their ambiquity.