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In this work, the overall degree of satisfaction with the health care quality of dentists is analyzed in terms of general satisfaction, technical quality, communication, interpersonal and financial aspects, time spent with the doctor, and health care accessibility and convenience. We have used a standardized questionnaire: "Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire" (PSQ III, long-form). The questionnaire collection was realized in dentists' waiting rooms from November 2014 to April 2015. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 433 subjects (53.6% were men and 46.4% women). We compared two groups of respondents. In the first group were respondents who had not changed their dentist over the past year (n = 349), and in the second were respondents who had changed them (n = 84). The highest degree of overall health care satisfaction was seen in males (2.80 ± 0.18), and in the age group of 30-49 years (2.70 ± 0.27). A higher degree of satisfaction with the technical health care quality was seen in subjects who changed their dentists (2.71 ± 0.36). The highest degree of satisfaction with the health care quality was related to the interpersonal aspect (3.29 ± 0.47) and to communication (3.11 ± 0.52). The comparison of the overall health care satisfaction between the two groups of respondents has been confirmed as statistically significant. According to our results, we recommend the national developmental team provide support by implementing positive changes in health care quality, and by performing an approach known as "advanced access".

Introduction: Preparation of a patient for an examination and taking samples of biological material belong to critical factors of the laboratory preanalytical phase's quality. Taking of venous blood is one of the most common nursing care interventions. Methods: A questionnaire survey using a content validated questionnaire from the laboratory of clinical biochemistry of University hospital in Umeå in Sweden has been carried out. Data analysis was performed using the Statistics 12 program at a significance level of 0.05. Aim: The main aim was to evaluate a selected group of general nurses' awareness about the correct procedures for collecting venous blood in two accredited inpatient health care providers. Results: One-hundred-and-fifty-three general nurses from two health care facilities took part in the study (hospital A: n = 71, hospital B: n = 82). The answers of the general nurses from both monitored facilities were almost identical, but not always correct. There was a statistically insignificant difference (p < 0.05) in the knowledge of general nurses in the procedure of venous blood collection. Still, there was a statistically significant difference in the declared labeling of tubes before collecting or in the collection of several different tubes at once (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The identified inconsistencies in the procedures during blood taking conform to previous foreign studies. The need for close collaboration with clinical laboratory personnel and the requirement of control in the preanalytical phase concerning taking samples of biological material is essential to ensure better quality care.

A newborn child always brings a great change to its family. If the newborn child has specific needs, its mother mostly experiences not only a great change but also a different organization of her future life. A different lifestyle has its advantages and disadvantages. The goal of this study was to ascertain the lifestyle of mothers of children with disorders, the changes to this lifestyle and whether there is a risk of social isolation. Social isolation is associated with the effort to ascertain the impacts of the place of residence on a mother's lifestyle. The research used a qualitative strategy and the data was analysed using the embedded theory technique. We learned that the lifestyle of mothers of children with a disorder significantly changes in many areas - family and work life as well as personal life, where the most frequent reaction is a change of personality and especially values. We also learned that the place of residence significantly affects their lifestyle, specifically regarding the approach to services. Living in a village or a small town is very restricting for these mothers regarding the approach to services. These changes and facts usually do not lead to a negative approach to life with a disabled child. The research showed that these mothers usually have a different but quality life.

Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Tool (MDKT) was developed to test the level of knowledge in managing Diabetes Mellitus. It is widely used as an original (for patients) and modified tool (for nurses or nursing students) around the world. Objectives: The aim is psychometric testing of the modified MDKT. Methods: This quantitative study uses descriptive statistics, Classical Test Theory (CTT), Item Response Theory (ITT), and reliability estimation within the convenient sample of students of nursing (N = 133). Data collection took place in 2018-2019 at a selected Czech University. Results: Using the MDKT only enables us to differentiate within a narrow spectrum of students whose knowledge is sub-average to average. The analysis has suggested the possibility of reducing the test while maintaining its psychometric parameters. Conclusions: The test is reliable, however too simple for our convenient sample of third-year nursing students, but this result cannot be generalised. Future investigations may lead to possible modifications, for example creating a more difficult version of the test and its re-validation.

Introduction: The study is underpinned by the research of people providing care to relatives after a cerebrovascular accident outside the sphere of public institutions - so called informal carers. The aim was to create a typology of these carers, reflecting their way of constructing identity, their attitude to their own emotions, their reflections on and experience with caring, their forms of communication, and how they work with information. Methods: The research was led by a qualitative approach with the use of the principles of biographical research. It is based on thirty semi-structured interviews. Areas were identified within these interviews in which the carers reflected on themselves. Through these areas, the carers differ in the ways in which they experience their roles of carers. The research was complemented with a questionnaire survey in order to acquire demographic and other data from the same sample. Results: The result of the study is a typology which contains five pure types of informal carers who provide care to family members after a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): (1) rational, (2) self-construing, (3) depressive, (4) traditional and (5) optimistic. Discussion: The results of the study are discussed in the context of caregiving in general, and in comparison with research focusing on the ways in which carers cope with decreased autonomy, emotions, gender, or their approach to obtaining information. Conclusions: Within the above types, carers differed in the variety of ways in which they controlled their emotions, in the different relationships to self, or in their reflections on the future. Which category an individual carer fell into depended on the volume of care they provided, how long they had been providing it, the possibilities to obtain support or assistance, and the personality of the carer. This typology may be useful from the analytical perspective, as well as from the perspective of potential interventions aimed at the dissemination of information and the sharing of the carers' experience.

Introduction: Women's satisfaction with childbirth can be defined as a retrospective assessment that reflects the overall level of satisfaction, well-being, and emotional response to the birth process. Aim: To search for significant psychosocial factors that influence women's satisfaction with childbirth. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire. We obtained 870 properly completed questionnaires from postpartum women. The main measurement tool was the Czech version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (CZ-BSS-R). Results: There was a statistically significant effect of women's previous experience of childbirth, the effect of psychological state before childbirth, and the effect of undisturbed contact with the newborn after childbirth (p < 0.05) on women's satisfaction with childbirth (CZ-BSS-R total score and its subscales). Women who had a close person present at the birth (p < 0.05) were significantly more satisfied with the experience, as were women who had a private midwife or doula attend the birth (p < 0.05). Women with a birth plan were significantly less satisfied with the quality of care during labour than women without a birth plan (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Health professionals, especially midwives, can influence a woman's birth experience in a positive way. The key elements of women-centred care are respect for individuality, knowing what women expect from birth, paying attention to women's psychological state before birth, allowing women uninterrupted contact with their newborn immediately after birth, the right to choose, and continuous care from midwives.

The Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment (FIE) method, as an instrument of social inclusion of children from a socially disadvantaged environment in classroom, is yet to be analyzed in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic. The study objective was to separate qualitative predispositions for effectiveness of inclusion from the FIE method in two areas - social and educational. The methods of the study (conducted in 2015-2016) included a combination of questionnaire investigation and observation during direct work with eight children (seven girls and one boy) who came from a socially disadvantaged environment in the district of Partizánske (Slovakia). The greatest progress in the children at the educational level was found in the increase of their activity and participation in classes. The most significant contribution in the personality-socialization sphere was an increase of children's personal interest, resulting from their intra-factorial motivation for group school activities. The influence of the method on marks and assessment of the pupils was not proved. The conclusions of the study emphasize the need for an interdisciplinary province of special pedagogues (educational, personality areas) and social-healthcare workers (socialization sphere), which are totally absent in the legislation and practice in the Slovak Republic.

Introduction: Health literacy (HL) is a key concept for interventions that aim at improving the health of individuals and populations, but it is also a way to improve the health care system, especially in the field of interaction between healthcare providers and patients. The aim of the study was to determine the level of health literacy among students of medical faculties.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was realized at three faculties of medicine in the academic year 2015/2016. In the study there were 390 students of medicine (male 41.5%, Slovak students 50.1%) with an average age of 23 (SD = 3). We administered the health literacy questionnaire (HLQ) with items including school characteristics and health status. We tested associations between HL and sex, year of study, study and health status with Pearson χ2 test in statistical program SPSS 21.0
Results: The surveyed students more often had an optimal HL, with deficiencies in the appraisal of health information and the ability to actively cooperate with healthcare (HC) providers. Women more often had the deficiency of HL in cooperation with HC providers and navigation in the HC system. Students of the first to third grade of study had a more frequent deficiency of HL in information to manage health and understanding the health information (compared with higher year of study). Foreign students more often had an optimal level of HL in social support in health, cooperation with HC providers and in navigating the HC system. Health respondents more often had a deficiency of HL in understanding health information when compared to students who had a chronic disease/health complications.
Conclusion: We found that students of medical faculties demonstrate a lack of HL, which is mainly related to the ability to cooperate with HC providers, to assess and understand health information, but also to navigate the HC system. On the basis of our findings, we will be able to develop an appropriate intervention to improve HL in a targeted group of medical faculty students.

Background: The presence of family during resuscitation attempts provides moral and religious support for the patient. It also strengthens the relationship between the family and the health care team, as well as the patients. However, the implementation of this practice remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to explore the nurses' perception and their self-confidence in relation to family presence during resuscitation in Indonesia, in order to adapt the Indonesian version of the Family Presence Risk-Benefit Scale and Family Presence Self-Confidence Scale tools. Methods: The study was cross-sectional, using the Indonesian version of the Family Presence Risk-Benefit Scale and Family Presence Self-Confidence Scale tools. Results: 174 nurses working in the intensive care/intensive cardiac care unit and emergency room at a tertiary referral hospital in Riau Province of Indonesia completed the questionnaire, including the opinion-based questions. Our respondents had neither positive nor negative perceptions of family presence during resuscitation (mean score 3.37; SD 1.00). The Pearson r correlation test showed that nurses who perceived more benefits of this practice are more confident when it comes to implementing it (r = 0.618; P-value 0.000). We found that the only demographic factor determining the nurses' attitudes toward family-witnessed resuscitation was the number of times they had been involved in a resuscitation scenario. Conclusions: A high self-confidence score in implementing family-witnessed resuscitation was found among our respondents. In fact, most of them had invited family members to witness the resuscitation attempt. However, the nurses had a neutral attitude toward family presence during resuscitation. This study also suggests that nurses will likely support this practice when other doctors also support it.

Though emerging technology offers people a comfortable life, a few adverse effects also exist. There was a rapid increase in mobile phone usage and internet consumption during and post the Covid-19 pandemic, which reached the extent of addiction among youths. Thus, this study examines social media disorder among adolescents in relation to the time spent on a computer or smart-phone device screen and engaging in autosuggested social media content. The study included 235 responses from students in higher secondary schools of Bangalore, India. The study found a significant positive correlation between device screen time, autosuggested social media content engagement (ASMCE), and social media disorder. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 56.5% of social media disorder among adolescents is due to the time spent on a computer or smart phone device and autosuggested social media content engagement. The study did not measure any differences in social media disorder based on the demographic details of the study participants. As social media disorder affects the mental health of adolescents, especially in post pandemic times, and further affects their academic performance, the researchers suggest that future studies explore the other factors causing social media disorder.

Purpose: We focused on anaesthesia and its impact on patients' mental mood. Design: We followed the relationship between the occurrence of unpleasant experiences of patients during anaesthesia and demographic data. Methods: The group consisted of 219 patients after anaesthesia. We administered questionnaires to patients at the University Hospital Bratislava between November 2010 and March 2011. Results: The most important results are the subsequent investigation of the relationship between individual unpleasant experiences and the age of the patients, where we found statistical significance in unpleasant experiences such as recall without pain (p = 0.015), vomiting (p = 0.029), muscle weakness (p = 0.048), and headache (p = 0.015); and when evaluating the relationship between the incidence of unpleasant experiences and sex, we found a statistically significant relationship in the incidence of nausea (p = 0.000), breathing problems (p = 0.048), vomiting (p = 0.015), pain in the surgical wound (p = 0.001), and muscle weakness (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Results confirm the relationship between the occurrence of unpleasant experiences of patients during anaesthesia and their demographic data. Based on our findings, we propose creating protocols for preoperative preparation, focusing on identifying the most common unpleasant experiences in patients related to anaesthesia.

Nurses' voice behaviour (VB) in public hospitals must be supported, researched, and continuously exposed. Best practices discovered and adapted in hospitals that prevent unprofessional behaviour help to progress healthcare provision. This research paper reports antecedents such as leadership styles, psychological safety (PS), and intrinsic motivation (IM) roles in manoeuvering nurses' VB in public hospitals, which is primarily uncultivated. Head nurses assisted in distributing and collecting the self-administered questionnaires from chosen significant Malaysian public hospital nurses. This yielded 366 complete and valid survey responses. A partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) assisted with the test for direct and indirect effects between the variables. The study found no evidence of PS and leader-member exchange (LMX) in encouraging nurses' VB. Empowering leadership (EL) and nurses' IM were found to influence VB. Stakeholders in public hospitals will benefit from the empirical findings presented in this paper by better understanding the efforts of nurses in championing workplace innovation through a lively voice. Nurse managers and other leaders may use this research paper as a foundation to gauge their hospital practices, make significant reforms, enhance workplace culture, provide better treatment, and run publicly financed hospitals with the utmost trust.

Over the last ten years, the consideration of the palliative care as an important theme of public health and health politics has been declared by the World Health Organization and European Council. The palliative care is sometimes being particularly taken into account as certain specific philosophy of taking care applied by extraordinarily motivated individuals in their clinical practice. The motivation and dedication of individual healthcare professionals is of obvious importance. The palliative care should be considered in wider context to provide the availability of quality palliative care for diseased children at the end of life. In the paediatric care, there are biological, psychosocial and spiritual components and plan of taking the care and solution in practice. The communication concerning the disease and particular possibilities is of top importance in this field. In addition to the psychosocial topics, the individual attitude is also of a great importance. The palliative and hospice care is particularly focused on advanced stages of cancer diseases, the problems being different for the child, parents and caregiver. In some cases the treatment of the pain and symptoms, and in other cases for example mental aspects, are of importance. However, there is always necessary to maintain the hopes even in seemingly helpless situations. The target of the palliative care is optimizing the child life quality, providing alleviation, moderating problems and making the family possible to take care of the dying child with providing care for individual members of the family as well as family as whole. Over the last 20 years, in Europe, there is a concept of taking the palliative care of advanced, terminally diseased patients also penetrating into the main stream of medicine. In 2008 the Czech Society of Palliative Medicine at the J. E. Purkyně Czech Medical Society was founded, the purpose of which is to cooperate with other professional societies but also with insurance companies and Czech Ministry of Health in the field of the development and enhancement of the attainability of the general and specialized palliative care. However, the position, level and quality of the palliative care and its actual attainability are very different in different European countries. Malignant tumour diseases in children under 15 years of age belong to rare diseases. In spite of this, they are the second most frequent cause of death in childhood. The target of the contribution presented here is to acquaint the reader with problems of children oncology, and palliative and hospice care for children in the Czech Republic and worldwide. The contribution also indicates the fact that most children with oncological diseases die in hospitals in spite of the fact that most parents would like to make their child possible to spend the last days in home environment. The task of healthcare professionals is to provide the dying children and their parents with the care. In the Czech Republic, there is extensive palliative and hospice care for adult patients, but it has not yet found a wider use in paediatric patients.

Aim: The aim of our research was to find out the position (and its changes over a period of time) of continuing education on the personal work values scale of general nurses working in hospitals in the Czech Republic.
Methods: The research was designed as a comparative study (comparison of results from the years 2006, 2011 and 2016). The data were obtained through a questionnaire using Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation. However, the theory was adapted to reflect current conditions of care-givers who work within a multidisciplinary team. The questionnaire aimed at distinguishing the order of the selected factors of working environment, which subsequently created the scale of personal values. 3081 respondents took part in the research in 2006, 1992 respondents in 2011, and 1751 respondents in 2016. The comparative analysis data were processed with the Euclidean distance model and non-parametric tests.
Results: In 2006, the possibility to engage in continuing education occupied 8th place on the scale of personal preferences (out of 16), in 2011 it ranked 10th, and 12th in 2016. The research results reveal a long-term tendency towards a decrease of personal preferences regarding continuing education. The decrease was statistically significant between the years 2006 and 2011 and the year 2016 (p < 0.001). The results indicate that with an increasing age the preference for continuing education decreases (p < 0.001). A statistically significant reduction in the preference for continuing education was found in nurses aged approx. 45 years.
Conclusions: Highly professional, effective and good quality education (and subsequent continuing education) is essential for the provision of safe and good quality care. A nurse in a managerial position should encourage staff nurses to continually learn irrespective of their age. Only this may lead to a high quality care for patients.

New trends in providing healthcare are dynamically changing the field and increasing demands on healthcare staff. The adequate capacity and training of healthcare staff is considered an essential measure of the quality of the provided care. The shortage of health personnel is becoming one of the most pressing issues and challenges facing both the health system and society as a whole. The aim of this text is to shed light on how general nurses perceive their profession and what influences their level of job satisfaction. To this end, qualitative research was conducted and the method of in-depth interviews was used to determine the experiences of general nurses (working in standard and intensive care units) in their profession. The general nurses evaluated the issues of their work through aspects related mainly to management, teamwork, working conditions, competency, adaptation process, prestige and respect. There is an interplay between the various factors that affect the subjectivity of general nurses in different situations and with different intensities. General nurses perceive higher financial remuneration as a motivation, but not as a major predictor of their job satisfaction. Nurses interpreted the key factors for job satisfaction to be communication and collaboration.

Aim: The study deals with the linguistic validation and selected aspects (constructive validity and reliability) of the Insulin Delivery System Rating Questionnaire (IDSRQ). Methods: The examined file consisted of 151 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The linguistic and content validation IDSRQ was performed, and the results of the questionnaire and individual subscales were processed via descriptive statistics and factor analysis. Results: The data was used to calculate the reliability of seven original subscales (0.42-0.92). Construct validity was tested via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Models M1, M2 and M3, were created. For models M2 and M3, the significance of the chi-square test (p < 0.001) and FIT indices was calculated. The five-factor model with a reliability of 0.69-0.89 in subscales was identified as the best. Conclusion: The new version of the questionnaire is in line with the psychometric properties of the original tool, and the extraction of items into a five-factor solution reflects the current assessment of patients' satisfaction with type 1 diabetes mellitus therapy in the Czech environment.

Aim: The aim of this research was to carry out an analysis of falls of hospitalized patients in 2017. They occurred at 16 selected wards in 4 hospitals in South Bohemia. The falls of hospitalized patients are the most frequent negative events in hospitals. Materials and methods: The data regarding falls in hospitals were coded and databased by authorized employees in "Monitoring of the risk factors of falls and their analysis". They were later statistically analysed using the SASD programme. A total of 280 falls were analysed. Results: Most falls occurred at subsequent care wards - 48.9%. 44.3% of falls occurred at internal wards and 6.8% at surgical wards. Almost half (46.5%) concerned patients who had been hospitalized for 1 to 7 days. The average age of the patients who had fallen was 76.9 years. Most falls occurred in patients' rooms - 78.0% and, in 93.3% of the cases, a medical worker was not present when the fall occurred. In the last 12 months, more than one third of patients have experienced a fall (39.8%). The riskiest period of the day was between 22:00 and 5:59 (35.8% of falls). Most frequently (31.6%), a patient fell off their bed. 41.8% of patients were not injured. The most frequent internal cause was imbalance or dizziness (57.1%) and 34.4 % suffered from confusion. Conclusions: Considering the above-mentioned results, we recommend a change in the control system and interventions using IT technologies and systems.

It is believed that age is just a number, meaning that it does not dictate how to feel or how to act. However, empirical studies, on a representative sample, describing old age boundaries in terms of longevity and in words that best describe old age are, to our knowledge, lacking in the Czech environment. This article is, therefore, methodologically grounded in the quantitative approach, applying a descriptive design in the investigation of the interrelationships of the self-reported data taken from a representative Czech adult population perspective (n = 1,040). The research shows that most respondents consider age 70+ to be old age and associate it with illness, experience or wisdom. The majority of respondents wished to end their life at home. On the other hand, the ability of respondents to imagine life in a home for the elderly grows with increasing age, with women more often admitting this possibility. Women are also more likely to provide home care to a dependent family member. The willingness to provide informal care continues to increase, depending on age, higher level of education, and better living conditions. Besides gender and education, participants' willingness to move to a retirement home if necessary made the strongest contribution to the likelihood of their willingness to be a family caregiver. Based on the cluster analysis, respondents living in the Central and North Bohemia regions manifested a lower willingness to live in a retirement home and to provide home care.

Background: The length of time spent on the street influences the degree of adjustment to homelessness. Over the years spent sleeping rough, homeless people gradually lose the ability to control their lives and their return to mainstream society becomes less and less likely. Goal: The aim of the study was to discover whether and how men who have been sleeping rough for more than ten years differ from those who have been homeless for four years or less. Methods: The research was based on a narrative analysis of in-depth interviews focused on the respondent's entire life story, i.e. their childhood, adolescence, and the period of adulthood preceding homelessness. The group under examination comprised 51 homeless men aged 37-54. Results: Men who have been sleeping rough for more than ten years grew up in a problematic family or in an institution and acquired only a rudimentary education. From the start they had problems at work. They tend to have high-risk personality traits and often a personality disorder. Early in life they had problems with alcohol or drugs. They are reckless - even when it comes to the law - and often commit crime. Conclusions: The length of time a person has been homeless for is an important factor in relation to social prevention. It is clear that the longer a person is homeless, the worse their chances of being reintegrated into mainstream society.

Roma drug users are a group that typically do not use therapeutic services for drug addiction. However, a higher rate of self-recovery among Roma drug users can be observed within outpatient services than among the majority population. The described phenomenen is based on long-term observations and interviews with Roma clients at a contact center (an ambulant social services center for drug users) in the South Bohemian Region, Czech Republic. This article examines the cultural specifics associated with substance withdrawal among Roma drug users in the Czech Republic. Our analysis of self-recovery focuses on the description of motives for quitting drug use, along with the use of individual strategies and specific rituals associated with cessation, which are interconnected in the context of the cultural specifics of the Roma minority in the Czech Republic. The results demonstrate the impact of social capital on self-healing, where the influence of a broader and more cohesive family social network is shown. The social capital represented by the family of Roma drug users motivated quitting the most.