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Working with children requires a great deal of attention and patience from a nurse, and it is also vital to emphasise the enormous amount of responsibility that accompanies this profession. Events related to children involve more stress, possibly causing an increased level of psychological burden for nurses, which, if unprocessed, may lead to symptoms of secondary traumatisation that may result in burnout. Within the framework of this research, we investigated the psychological demands on nurses working in paediatrics. Our goal was to learn the opinions and activities of paediatric nurses in connection with the psychological preparation and support of children and their parents, a subject previously not analysed in Hungary. In the light of the results of the research, our further goal is to prove the need to adapt the system of care that has become internationally pervasive with proven positive effects (Child life specialist). A descriptive and multivariate analysis was carried out relying on the results of online quantitative questionnaires filled in by members of the Chamber of Hungarian Healthcare Professionals (Paediatric Department). The responses of the 361 paediatric nurses who filled in our questionnaire show that children's psychological preparation was mainly carried out by nurses. However, the increased workload prohibited them from meeting children's and parents' emotional needs. When caring for patients, nurses often found themselves in situations where they were not able to react to a child's psychological needs. They find their work so mentally demanding that it has an influence on their private life as well. Children's emotional state greatly influences nurses, which is why the presence of a specialist who is able to prepare children for interventions and provide emotional support to them and their families is needed in hospital care. Besides all these factors, providing psychological support is also necessary when carrying out nursing roles.

Background: Currently, the aging population is an increasingly discussed phenomenon. Therefore, it is beneficial to pay attention to new trends and innovative methods and techniques to enable the activation of seniors. The aim of this text is to reflect on the empowering functions of participatory reminiscence techniques, and the creation of future scenarios in the context of social work. Methods: The aim of the research work with a group of senior women was to interpret the narratives of the communication partners in relation to capturing memories, the experience of the present and the vision of the future with the use of an innovative implementation of two participatory techniques - reminiscence and the creation of future scenarios. Results: The results indicate a need for social workers to achieve greater involvement of seniors at two levels: (1) at the level of individual work with clients (seniors in this case), where the results point to the need to emphasize the creation of opportunities for engagement of (not only) seniors in participatory activities, and (2) at the macro level of work, where there is a clear societal demand for change, leading to an increase in the degree of social cohesion. Conclusions: The research showed that reminiscence and the creation of future scenarios of elderly women manifested themselves in a wide range of empowering functions' that can be organised into purpose/goal, result, functioning, and functionality.

Women's positive experience of maternity care is related to the quality of care and is as important as objectively measurable perinatal outcomes. Satisfaction is a relatively broad concept with relatively difficult operationalisation. The tools for measuring it most often include variables related to structure, process, and outcomes. Improving current practice requires the accurate identification of existing care deficits and the main determinants of women's satisfaction with maternity care. Aim: To contextually highlight significant determinants of women's satisfaction that have been identified through a literary review. Methods: A clinical question was formulated through the PICo framework to determine the search and define inclusion criteria for articles. The question focused on determinants related to women's satisfaction with the care provided during motherhood. The population under consideration is women living in a similar cultural context, with a normal course of pregnancy, and lived experience. These concepts were transformed into subject headings used in the search and text presentation strategies. Results: The evaluation of the quality of care provided to women in maternity is inextricably linked to the specific experience of the woman. The experience is determined by specific factors related to the different phases of motherhood, as well as factors specific to different socio-demographic groups of women and groups of women with increased care demands. However, there are also determinants generally applicable to all women without distinction. These include continuous respectful care, communication with the partner, meeting the woman's personal expectations, a high level of professionalism, support from health professionals, the woman's involvement in decision-making, and respect for her choice. Conclusions: The paper provides an overview of the existing important determinants of women's satisfaction with the care, which have been identified across different countries - particularly in the European context and beyond. A woman's motherhood experience can significantly influence the lives of both mother and child. It is desirable that women's experiences are examined and become a standard criterion for assessing the quality of care provided to women during maternity.

Introduction: The Clubhouse concept is a therapeutic community with the philosophy that its members, including those with mental illness as well as the staff, are all colleagues working side by side to perform the work important to the Clubhouse community. This qualitative study aims to explore the experiences that members of a Clubhouse in Norway had with social support and takes a salutogenetic approach. Methods: Ten members of a Clubhouse in Norway contributed to this study; six persons with mental illness participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews and four staff attended a focus group interview. Results: Participants expressed three main themes: (i) a fellowship promotes belonging (ii) increasing belief in one's own skills, and (iii) self-decision-making promotes the use of resources. Conclusion: This study summarises the importance of belonging, autonomy, and participation as the fundamentals of the social support experience. Future research should be focussed on Clubhouse members from minority backgrounds and differences in experiences within psychosocial recovery outcomes.

The objective of the paper is to assess drinking water quality based upon analyses of water quality indexes from different sources in rural settlements of Zhytomyr Region.
Materials and methods: The research data was taken from the national reports about the environmental situation in Ukraine, national reports about drinking water quality and current water supply state in Ukraine, Zhytomyr sanitary-epidemiological authority reports, and reports of the Zhytomyr main statistics department. The analyzed period was between 2003-2011. During the research the methods of systemic analyses and logical generalization were used to systemize the obtained information. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used for data assessment.
The dynamics of drinking water qualitative changes of the first and second category, centralized and non-centralized water supply objects in Zhytomyr Region according to the epidemic safety, radiological, sanitary and chemical indexes were assessed. The regions with the highest percentage of negative samples were defined.
Conclusion: The quality and safety of drinking water; its pollution levels sufficiently influence all physiological and biochemical processes that occur in the human body and negatively impact people's health in Zhytomyr Region. Therefore the morbidity rate is steadily growing and the average life expectancy is stably low. It was found that the state of subsurface water drinking objects' in rural territories of Zhytomyr Region is much worse than all over Ukraine. This advances the demands for implementing innovative technologies, financing the projects of diversification drinking water sources, and raising the rural population's motivation for using the safe drinking water and making healthy choices.

Introduction: Falls represent a frequent, serious, and financial problem for society as well as for the individual. They are one of the main causes of death, injury and functional limitation of seniors. Every fall of a person over the age of 65 should be an alarming signal and an impulse for the analysis of risk factors and taking preventive measures.
Aim: The aim of this study was to retrospectively identify and analyze the risk factors of falls in geriatric patients at chosen clinical departments at the University Hospital in Trnava, Slovak Republic, over the period of 2010-2014.
Design: The work is designed as a descriptive retrospective study.
Methods: Relevant data on respondents, circumstances and factors of falls have been obtained by a content analysis from the document: "Patient Fall Protocol". In the study, we analyzed 125 protocols that were recorded between 2010 and 2014. The patient's protocol is a part of the MEDEA hospital information system. We used the Pearson Chi-quadrate and a single-chiral Chi-quadrate for data processing and evaluation.
Results: Based on the acquired results, we can say that in the case of restless patients, there are several types of falls from bed - when getting up, moving, or resting on an unstable surface (Sig.

Aim: The study analyses the relationship between health habits, social status, sex life and the level of awareness of maternity among Roma women younger than 18 years. The aim was focused on getting to know the reasons for unplanned pregnancies. Methods: The data were collected by structured interviews of the sample (21 young pregnant Roma women) from March to May 2017. Results: The research revealed different healthcare problems connected with abortion, early pregnancy and preterm birth. These are related to the lack of access to appropriate family planning and sexual education, active sexual lives before the respondents were 15 years old and the specific lifestyles of Roma girls. Discussion and conclusions: The question is not simply why Roma woman in Plavecký Štvrtok get pregnant so early. We also must focus on the other factors, such as the lack of proper education and the way in which they are separated from the rest of society at their segregated schools. Roma in this community usually drop out of school at fifteen. Therefore they think that their adult life begins then.

Objective: The paper aimed to present the results of an innovative strategy that combined role-playing and video training as an effective approach for teaching active listening skills in nursing training. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Methods: The data collection was carried out by the standardised observation of the outcomes of how 58 Bachelor's degree nursing program students communicate in model situations. The record sheet was aimed at monitoring the skills of active listening and its verbal and nonverbal expressions. The data were analysed by quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results: The results indicate improvement in active listening skills after completing the training - in both verbal and non-verbal communication. Conclusions: By combining the role-playing method with video training and increasing the frequency of sessions, communication skills are improved, and therefore, the quality of nursing care may also be improved.

The article is focused on addictive substance abuse and gambling, and its relationship to the subjective perception of health and basic socio-demographic variables among Slovak immigrants living in the Czech Republic. The Slovak minority is the second largest ethnic minority in the Czech Republic, but surveys concerning this area are lacking. Foreign surveys in the field of addictive substance abuse point to the differences between immigrant populations and the populations in their home countries. The research was carried out using a self-questionnaire in the immigrants' native language. 184 Slovak immigrants completed the questionnaire, and they were living in seven selected regions of the Czech Republic for different periods of time. The data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS programme. In all areas surveyed, the results pointed to some differences between immigrants and the Slovak population. There were more smokers among immigrants, and daily smokers outnumbered occasional ones. No link between smoking and employment was proved. Also no link between gender and alcohol consumption was proved. In terms of the subjective state of health assessment, occasional smokers felt themselves to be the most comfortable. No statistically significant relationship between the subjective perception of health and passive smoking, alcohol consumption or playing slot machines was proved.

The objective of this literature review was to find the tools used for pain assessment in patients with artificial ventilation who cannot verbalize their pain. The research was conducted based on systematic browsing of the available electronic licensed and freely available databases of Ebsco, Nursing Ovid, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The following key words were used for the searches: pain assessment, pain management, intensive care, critical care, nursing. References acquired from the primary search were further selected to meet the following criteria: focus on pain assessment in intensive care (ICU) patients, studies presenting a unidimensional or multidimensional tool. The tool testing was carried out in patients spontaneously ventilating, or those with artificial ventilation. The tool was tested for usability and psychometric characteristics. In this phase, 1,153 full-text documents were found using the criteria. The final list contained 14 research studies upon an analysis carried out. Six measurement tools assessing pain in patients with artificial ventilation were established. Based on the analysis and comparison of the established tools, the most suitable tool for pain assessment in patients with artificial ventilation appears to be the Behavioural Pain Scale and The Critical Care Observation Tool. Presently, there are a number of measurement tools which can be used to assess pain in patients with artificial ventilation. However, none of them are validated for the Czech nursing environment in terms of language and culture. The use of a suitable and valid tool to assess pain in patients with artificial ventilation who cannot verbalize pain is fundamental for this group of patients in order to detect and eliminate pain.

Background: Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a disease that causes severe disability. For this reason, we established an interprofessional rehabilitation team consisting of physicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and social workers operating in home settings - in an effort to minimize the consequences of long-term disability. Objectives: Evaluate the development of postural and balance functions (over a 9-month period) in 17 clients with ABI undergoing individualized 3-month physiotherapy in the home setting. Methods: Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) were used to quantify the functional status of the clients. A total of 4 assessments were completed at the initial, 3 months, 6 months, and final 9-months examinations. Results: According to BBS and TUG, 15 clients showed an improvement in their balance functions after the intervention; 2 clients were unable to complete the TUG, and 6 clients remained at risk of falling. Conclusions: Our results showed a clear benefit of the physiotherapeutic intervention. However, 6 months after completion, one-third of the clients had worse results on the TUG; although 15 clients continued to improve according to the BBS. This indicates the higher sensitivity of the TUG test for evaluating balance functions, and that physiotherapeutic interventions should be prolonged, particularly in clients with a Functional Independence Measure instrument (FIM) of less than 6 points.

In nursing, in association with the quality of life, a disproportion is criticized, which occurs between its theoretical basis (insufficient conceptual-methodological starting points) and research (use of a heterogeneous spectrum of tools for its measurement). The theoretical-methodological starting points of the quality of life established in nursing have been discussed in domestic literature to a limited extent only.
The target of the present contribution is to analyze relationships between models/theories of the quality of life and tools employed in its measurements, which were established in nursing. Based on this analysis, we delimit principal methodological recommendations for the measurement of the quality of life within the scope of the nursing research and clinical practice.
The importance of theoretical starting points (conceptual aspects) of the quality of life for the formation and use of tools employed in its measurement (methodological aspects) were analyzed in general and in relationships to generic/specific and conventional/individual tools used in the measurements.
The most frequently quoted nursing models of the quality of life, within the scope of which particular specific or generic tools employed in the measurement were formed, include those by Ferrans, Powers (1992); Ferrell et al. (1992a, b). In nursing, the conceptual approach to and subsequent measurement of the quality of life is based on models resulting from its concept. In this group of models, the following ones are most frequently cited: the model of the patient quality of life as perceived by the nurse by King et al. (2002, p. 118) and the model of the resilience in adolescents by Haase et al. (2000). Individual tools used in the measurement of the quality of life and applicable to the measurement of the quality of life in individuals (for example in determining patient preferences during the treatment or in evaluating the therapy impacts) are based on these models. In the comparison of the quality of life of groups (clinical studies, audit), conventional tools find wider applications.

The presence of a support person during birth increases the quality of health care, improves birth outcomes and increases women's satisfaction with birth. The main objective of this study was to ascertain the overall satisfaction of women with the activities performed by a support person during birth. The satisfaction was assessed in the four key areas of support: physical, psychological, emotional and informational. Methods: The study has a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 166 women who had a support person during birth. A non-standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on women's satisfaction in the four basic areas of specific activities provided by support persons: physical, psychological, emotional and informational. A satisfaction level with performed activities was analysed. The findings showed a woman's partner was the most frequent support person (156 women; 94%). However, some of the activities were not performed by support persons or the women were not satisfied with their performance. A high level of satisfaction was found in physical, psychological, emotional and informational support (from p = 0.00468 to p < 0.00001). Conclusions: The respondents expressed a high level of satisfaction with the activities of the support person. However, the results indicate that the presence of the support persons themselves, mostly a partner, during birth is more important for women than the activities provided by them.

The aim of this study was to validate the actual nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements in older patients. It is a retrospective and comparative study. To validate the nursing diagnosis, we used the Fehring's models: the Diagnostic Content Validity Model and the Patient-Focused Clinical Diagnostic Validity Model. They were used to find out the significance of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements. After data collection, we calculated a weighted score (WS) for each defining characteristic. There were two samples in the study. The first sample (n1) consisted of 101 nurses - experts according to the modified Fehring's criteria. The second sample (n2) consisted of 50 hospitalized older patients who had fewer than 17 points (a score indicative of malnutrition) in the first and second parts of the standardised nutrition assessment tool - the MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment). Out of 22 items, the nurses rated one item as major: food intake less than recommended daily allowance (0.87). In the sample of patients, they rated six items out of 17 as major. They are: insufficient interest in food (0.83), food aversion (0.82), alteration in taste sensation (0.78), decreased body weight (0.77), weight loss with adequate food intake (0.77), and food intake less than recommended daily allowance (0.76). As a result of this study, we suggest considering the inclusion of measurement tools that focus on early detection of malnutrition in all hospitalised older people with lower food intake.

Aim: To evaluate available scientific findings on the management of postoperative pain. Literature review is the basis for the research, examining the nurses' knowledge and experience in post-operative pain management (in both the Czech Republic and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Methods: Literature review - selected keywords (using Boolean operators) were searched in electronic databases (MEDLINE, EBSCO, CINAHL, ACADEMIC SEARCH ULTIMATE, SCIENCE DIRECT). Results: A total of 469 sources were found. 25 sources meeting the criteria were subjected to critical analysis. A total of 7 studies were selected for the final analysis. Conclusions: International guidelines are available for the treatment of postoperative pain, but according to the sources analysed, the guidelines are not applied in clinical practice. The results of the literature review have shown that there are deficiencies, especially in the knowledge of general nurses and the management of postoperative pain. It was also shown that the standardised procedures and tools for assessing pain in the patients' early postoperative period are not used. Specialised findings recommend placing more emphasis on the training and education of general nurses in the management of postoperative pain, and on evaluating the pain of the patient in the early postoperative period.

Introduction: The risk of burnout in healthcare can affect the quality of patient care. The purpose of this study was to assess burnout rates among Hungarian radiographers to find out the possible reasons behind the phenomenon. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive data collection was conducted from June to September 2018. In addition to socio-demographic and work-related characteristics, an internationally validated Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used. Descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test with 95% probability were used for statistical items (p = 0.05). Results: We examined 238 radiographers' data with the mean age of 34.42 years (SD 10.53). Woman respondents dominated the sample but male respondents tend to be more affected by burnout (p = 0.001). Working over 50 hours per week affected negatively the dimensions of depersonalization and emotional exhaustion. 40 to 50 hours of work per week affected foremost the personal achievement dimension (p = 0.001). Radiographers working in oncology patient care are more affected by emotional exhaustion (p = 0.001). Respondents who rated their health as excellent had higher values of personal achievement (p = 0.01). They also had significantly lower levels of emotional exhaustion than respondents who considered their health status to be tolerable or poor (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The extent of burnout may vary depending on the radiographers' work related characteristics. Understanding the risk factors associated with burnout may help us develop strategies for prevention.

Aim: The aim of this review was to analyze eating habits and food composition in stroke survivors. Methods: In the years 01/2000-06/2020, research published in the following databases was analyzed: Pubmed, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus. The literature review integrated 9 studies. Results: Studies included in the review were published mainly in the years 2015-2019. Dietary analysis in the research was predominantly focused on fruit/vegetable intake and salt intake. Consumption of fruits and vegetables in stroke survivors is not at an adequate level and their intake is lower in comparison with a healthy population. Qualitative analysis of salt intake is limited to a small number of studies (n = 3), with results showing differences in salt intake between countries. Only one study comprehensively assessed diet in stroke survivors (intake of energy, macro- and micronutrients). We did not find any studies to evaluate the adherence of after-stroke patients to the Mediterranean diet/DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), in line with current nutritional recommendations for secondary prevention. Conclusions: Although diet is one of the modifiable factors of a stroke and it can be well managed, the issue of diet and eating habits after overcoming the disease is not given sufficient attention by researchers.

Introduction: Despite the fact that caregivers see social services as an important form of support, in the Czech Republic we are increasingly encountering situations where a person with a disability lives together with their parents in the same household until the caregiver becomes elderly or dies. These families use the bare minimum of social services or none at all. Goal: The goal of this paper is to present factors identifying the (non) use of social services from the perspective of family members from selected municipalities of the Moravian-Silesian Region who provide care and guardianship for a relative with an intellectual disability. Methods: The data was obtained through field research, which was carried out in 2021 in six municipalities in the Moravian-Silesian Region. Twelve individual and five group semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 communication partners. The data analysis was performed using constructivist grounded theory. Results and discussion: Most of the communication partners prefer caring for a loved one in the form of home care. The reason for refusing to use social services is negative previous experience with social services, namely dissatisfaction with the quality. The issues that family members deal with when providing care and guardianship are: coping with demanding care, fatigue, isolation, loss of social contacts with friends and family, dealing with missing social relationships, the future housing of a loved one, and maintaining contact with the cared-for person. Conclusions: To be able to take into account the individual wishes and possibilities of each client, it is necessary to focus on the coordination and networking of support at the community when planning social and follow-up services. Person-centered planning should be offered as a suitable starting point. A newly developed form of support for people with disabilities and caregivers, which could effectively supplement the network of social and follow-up services in the community, is homesharing (a form of respite care based on community assistance).

Background: The aim of the present study was to improve the knowledge of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) among nurses who take care of hospitalised patients with faecal incontinence (FI). Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional research study in which a design of one group before and after the testing was used to evaluate knowledge about IAD. The study included 60 nurses, and the IAD educational sessions lasted for about 60 minutes. They included topics that referred to the definition, prevention, and treatment of IAD. The McNemar test and Wilcoxon's matched-pairs test were used to test the differences in IAD knowledge among nurses. Results: After the education sessions, nurses showed highly statistically significant better knowledge about FI and its influence on the occurrence of IAD, as well as the possibilities of prevention and treatment (p < 0.001). The mean value of the total score on the knowledge test was significantly higher after the education (8.66 ± 1.50) than the mean value of the total score on the test before the education (6.82 ± 1.50). Conclusion: It was found that nurses showed better knowledge in classification, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of IAD after education. It is necessary to continuously evaluate the knowledge of IAD among nurses to plan educational programmes, with the aim of providing better outcomes in patient treatment.

Objectives: The aim of our study is to provide a general idea of the health values of the population, their attitude towards people with disabilities, and, to prove the importance of change by highlighting possible shortcomings. Methods: In our pilot study, a total of 111 people were interviewed. The questionnaire used in the study included the Hofmeister-Tóth and Neulinger value list. Health values and attitudes towards disability were measured using the MAS (Attitudes Toward Disabled People Scale - dimensions: affective, cognitive, behavioral), and the ATDP-O (Attitudes Toward Disabled People) scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software. Results: Health ranks high on the value scale. Most people consider their own state of health as important (4.701) and good (4.126). Based on the results of the MAS questionnaire, respondents show a very negative attitude in all three dimensions. A significant weak correlation was found between the behavioral dimension, overt actions, verbal expressions of behavior, and the ATDP-O attitude scale towards people with disabilities (r = 0.202, p = 0.034). Conclusion: Our results suggest that forming the right attitude is essential, and this can be achieved through knowledge transfer. It is important to strengthen multicultural societies, so that we can create a healthier, more livable environment in our world.