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Introduction: Elderly people with dementia are highly dependent on caregivers; they require more assistance and supervision as the disease progresses and its severity increases. Family caregivers have different responses to caring for elderly people with dementia. This study aimed to explore Indonesian family caregivers' responses to caring for elderly people with dementia. Methods: A qualitative research design was selected for this study. On the basis of semi-structured interviews, a descriptive phenomenological study was conducted among 15 purposively-recruited family caregivers. Results: Three main themes and eight sub-themes emerged from the data. The first theme was family caregivers' perceptions of dementia. The sub-themes were that dementia is a common disease due to the aging process, and dementia is a disease due to Parkinson's, stroke, stress, and loneliness. The second theme was the meaning of caring for elderly people with dementia. The sub-themes were that obligation to care for older people with dementia, form of filial piety and the spiritual meaning of caring for older people with dementia. The third theme was the process of acceptance in taking on the role of caregiver to an elderly person with dementia. The sub-themes were that denial, depression, and acceptance. Conclusion: Each of these themes has a cultural and spiritual dimension, and caregivers require professional assistance from health workers that accounts for these dimensions of caregiving. Likewise, it is important to identify depression in family caregivers so that suitable interventions can be provided.

The quality of life of an individual is very tightly related to the health condition. Hysterectomy is an invasive intervention in the woman body. It brings changes in the life and requirements for important and necessary adaptations. The contribution presented here describes the quality of life of women submitted to hysterectomy. Its target was evaluation and comparison of the quality of life of women with benign and malignant diseases after hysterectomy, consideration and evaluation of differences in the assessment of the quality of life in the physical, mental and social areas and in the surrounding environment. The sample included 100 women, 50% of them having benign diseases and 50% malignant diseases or positive histological finding after surgery, who were submitted to oncology treatment. The method of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was employed to investigate the extent to which the quality of life is affected by the disease itself compared to other factors. The results of the assessment of the quality of life of respondents were processed in two groups, which were separately evaluated and compared one to another. The analysis of the results supported the fact that the patients after hysterectomy most strongly feel a deficiency in satisfaction of their needs in physical and mental areas and to a lesser extent in the field of social relationships and surrounding environment. In the physical area, we noted statistically significant differences with the test statistics value t = 7.40 and significance level p

The incapacity to work is a complex phenomenon exerting impacts on individuals as well as on the whole society. Its effects are present in health, economic as well as social spheres and its development depends on many factors, but the most frequent causes of the incapacity to work are ever the same with variations in their ratios and order only. The target of the work presented here was to identify main causes of the short-term and long-term incapacity to work over a period of five consecutive years and evaluate their social and economic impacts. The analyzed group of incapacitated persons included insurants whose policy was administrated by the Czech Administration of Social Security in terms of the short-term incapacity (sickness insurance - over four million insurants annually) as well as long-term incapacity to work (disability insurance - over 47 newly recognized disability cases annually). The data were taken from statistics published by the Czech Administration of Social Security and Institute for Medical Information and Statistics.
The incapacity to work is inter alia affected by other than medical causes. Long-term monitoring indicates that the main causes of the short-term incapacity to work (temporary incapacity to work) in the Czech Republic are diseases of the respiratory tract and locomotor apparatus, the main cause of the long-term incapacity to work being diseases of the locomotor apparatus and next to them diseases of the circulation system.
Effects of the social and economic situation on the incapacity to work also cannot be omitted. The situation in the development of both short-term and long-term incapacity to work is worse in regions with low social level of the population, and small differences between wages (in low-income inhabitants) and sickness or disability benefits play a relatively important role in the development of the incapacity to work.
There is undoubtedly an important impact of the incapacity to work on the situation of insurants as well as on the whole society in terms of economic and social conditions. Particularly the long-term incapacity to work principally involves the quality of life of the individual with frequent damage to social and family bonds and in extreme cases even with lost motivation to further life. The general economic impact on the society is also of importance, which is shown by increasing amounts paid in association with the short-term and long-term incapacity to work (sickness and disability benefits, respectively).
In addition to permanent enhancements of the public education and improvements of the health care, it is also necessary to improve further social and economic factors, particularly those associated with the long-term, incapacity to work, to improve the situation in the development of the incapacity to work and reduce social expenses.

This article examines the Czech political scene, by focusing on the attitude of the main political parties in the Czech Republic and their attitude towards the issue of migration quotas in the period between May 2015 and July 2017. It touches upon the migration quota issue by, first of all, shortly describing main characteristics of Czech political parties in terms of European integration in general and additionally by discussing the modes in which Czech political parties comprehended the migration quota issue and what sort of messages they communicate to the Czech public in this respect. Methodologically, the article rests upon both Content Analysis and, to a lesser degree, Discourse Analysis, and proves that Czech political parties did not only have negative views of the quota issue during the stated period, but some of them also referred to this particular matter when discussing the Czech position (and the future) in the European Union.

Objectives: The study analyses trends of overweight and obesity among Slovak adolescents aged 11, 13 and 15 years from 2006 to 2014. Methods: The study employs data from the Health Behaviour in School Aged Children study collected in 2006, 2010 and 2014 in Slovakia. We analysed the data from the representative sample of 10,615 adolescents. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on the self-reported weight and height. WHO Child Growth Standards were used to categorise age and gender specific BMI cut-off points as normal weight, overweight and obese. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Slovak adolescents from 2006 to 2014 ranged between 2.0% (11-year old girls in 2006) and 15.9% (15-year old boys in 2010). It increased significantly from 2006 to 2010 in almost all subgroups, except in 11-year old girls. 13 and 15-year old boys dominated above girls in all three surveys. Conclusions: The remarkable increase of overweight and obesity in Slovak adolescents can be associated with a simultaneous decline of physical activity. We assume these changes reflect the expansion of screen-based activities, namely information technologies. These changes highlight a need for effective preventive measures focused on adolescents.

Research shows the potential role of a specific cultural environment in understanding spirituality and spiritual care among nursing staff and students. In Slovenia, spiritual care within the framework of nursing is still under development alongside efforts for the greater professionalisation of nursing. The objectives of the study performed on a sample of nursing students from Slovenia were to: (1) explore nursing students' perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care; (2) examine the role of demographic characteristics, and (3) determine the perceived importance of education in the field of spiritual care. A quantitative, non-experimental survey research method was applied. Undergraduate nursing students enrolled in one of the Slovenian faculties participated in the study. The original Spirituality and Spiritual Rating Scale was utilised as the research instrument. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each item of the instrument and statistical tests were used to identify significant differences between the demographic characteristics of the sample and students' perceptions of and experiences with spirituality and spiritual care. The results were compared with those of previous studies on samples of nursing care students and employed nurses. The results showed that students had a pronounced existential view of spirituality and expressed doubt as to whether spiritual care should be an integral part of nursing and nursing education. Self-reported religiosity, religious practice, and gender, showed an important contribution to spirituality and spiritual care perceptions. Further multinational research on spirituality and spiritual care are needed to achieve better cultural self-awareness and development of coordinated educational programs.

Sports activities are important factors in the prevention of the incidence and development of cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this article was to find out, describe and assess the relationship of the finances spent on sports activities to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases to education, employment and marital status. The research was carried out using the quantitative research strategy (a non-standardized questionnaire). The sample group (1,992 people from the Czech Republic - 937 men and 1,055 women) had the typical structure of the Czech population and was representative from the point of view of regions, gender and age. The results showed statistically significant relationships between the money spent monthly on sports activities to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. Respondents with a higher level of education invested more money in sports activities than those with a lower level of education. Employed and self-employed people invested more money in sports activities than pensioners. Single people invest more in sports activities; the widowed invest less, which could be caused by the fact that the Czech Republic is undergoing a change in the population structure. These facts provide medical workers with valuable information that can be used in practice. This information can help to make medical consulting regarding sports activities more efficient and so prevent cardiovascular diseases. It also points out the necessity of an individual approach regarding practical recommendations in relation to education, employment and marital status.

The ageing population in the Czech Republic has increased the demand for the provision of health and social care for the elderly. Although social care will rapidly grow in importance, there is not enough attention paid by researchers to this area in comparison to healthcare. Since social care is a service, care staff are crucial for providing high-quality care, while staffing shortages could result in an inability to provide social care. For this reason, the personnel issue should be solved first. Strategic human resource management must not only focus on recruiting the right employees but also on retaining them. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the personal values of caregivers in Czech residential social care and analyse their impact on job satisfaction and turnover intention. The study is based on the primary data collected by our own questionnaire in nine Czech retirement homes and homes with a special regime (96 respondents). The data was analysed using standard statistical methods. The results show that caregivers prefer values based on social focus and that include both self-protection and growth needs. Currently, their job mostly satisfies their needs in these categories so they do not intend to leave in the near future. Moreover, our findings imply that job satisfaction, as a mediator of caregivers' personal values, has an impact on turnover intention. Consequently, value analysis of job applicants in social care could prevent fluctuation.

The goal of this review study was to summarize research conclusions on reported adverse events in anaesthesia care regarding paediatric and adult patients in the last 10 years. Methods: Relevant sources were found in scientific databases EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley and Scopus. We used the following keywords: adverse events/incident/malpractice, anaesthesia, report. Other criteria for the inclusion of studies were: full-text, English language, publications that were no older than 10 years (2009-2019) and human related. In the end, we included 15 studies. Results: The studies (analytical, prospective, retrospective, cohort, observational, systematic revisions and meta-analyses) mostly specify the areas and frequencies of reported adverse events and deal with the efficiency of report procedures and their implementation in clinical practice. The most frequent adverse events that occurred in anaesthesia care were respiration and cardiovascular problems and medical errors. The level of their occurrence varied by the patients' age. Conclusions: The monitoring and assessment of adverse events is an effective instrument for the improvement of quality and safety in anaesthesia practical care. The main problem is the unwillingness of medical workers to participate in reporting adverse events and the incompatibility of adverse event databases in anaesthesia care.

The aim of this research study is to reflect historical development and analyse changes in the provision and funding of social services in Slovakia in the legislative framework - including a comparison of Act No. 195/1998 Coll. On social assistance and Act No. 448/2008 Coll. On social services. The qualitative research study analyses the impacts of the decentralization and transformation of social services on the basis of the practical experiences of the directors of non-public social services centres provided by church organisations. The total sample consisted of 41 managers working in social services. Data collection was completed at the end of 2019, and we used open coding, comparison, and categorization to reflect the development of social services. The results showed a rapid decrease in the number of low threshold social services and daily care centres for seniors. They also showed an increased number of elderly and vulnerable people over a 20-year period. The law amendments made impact on the transformation and the modernisation of social services and the creation of new forms of institutional care services, including home care - which is much preferred due to the higher unemployment level of people over 50 who become home-care givers. The typology of clients has changed from "walkers" to seniors with IV.-V. degree of dependence on the long-term care. Home care has been replaced by residential care for the elderly. There is a huge need for the combination of social and health care in social care centres - including medical staff, care givers and social workers.

Aim: The aim of the study was a transcultural adaptation, linguistic validation, and testing of psychometric properties of the Czech version of the Nurse Competence Scale (CZNCS). Methods: Designed as a cross-sectional observational study. The sample comprised 274 students from third-year bachelor's nursing study programmes at Czech universities. To collect the data, a Czech version of the Nurse Competence Scale was used, containing 73 items grouped into seven subscales. The data was collected between 2018 and 2021. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Content validity was assessed using the Content validity index, while construct validity was tested using Principal Component Analysis. Differences in the assessment of competence were tested using the Mann-Whitney test and Pearson's chi-squared test. Results: The content validity index average for the Czech version of NCS was 0.95, while the content validity index-universal agreement was 0.75. Cronbach's alpha of the Nurse Competence Scale was 0.981. Factor analysis showed a six-factor solution. Conclusions: The Czech version of the Nurse Competence Scale showed good levels of content validity and reliability. The Czech version of the NCS may serve as a useful tool for self-assessment of students' competence in the final years of nursing programs.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the implications of continuous professional development and its impact on missed nursing care (MNC) in hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: The method used was a sequential explanatory mixed design. Methods: This qualitative study included 29 nurses who participated in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. All participants were interviewed over five semi-structured interviews, with quantitative data divided into factors influencing knowledge transfer practices and MNC surveys. The sample size for the quantitative research was 181 people. Results: Seven main themes were identified in the qualitative study: clinical learning activity in hospitals, need for motivation in learning, organizational leadership and support for continued professional development (CPD), obstacles in clinical learning, an overview of caring in nursing care, incidents of MNC, and expectations for CPD. The quantitative data show that nurses (n = 181) reported that one or more care activities had been left undone due to lack of time on their shift (31.5%), bell response (44%), and reviewing drug effectiveness (47.4%). The most common reasons for MNC are an inadequate number of staff, inadequate shift-to-shift handoff, and communication breakdown within the nursing team. Conclusion: There were numerous incidents of MNC in hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased CPD awareness can provide nurses with knowledge about MNC in nursing care.

Introduction: Patient safety is one of the main priorities of healthcare facilities worldwide. The perspective of nursing students on patient safety is essential for planning strategies to improve patient safety and its culture. Nursing students' perception of patient safety may differ between teaching and learning practices in nursing faculties, but also depends on the clinical experience gained during clinical placement. Objective: To collate existing empirical research studies on factors influencing the perception of patient safety from the perspective of nursing students. Methods: The search was performed in scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest in February 2023 and was limited to one language (English). The search produced 1,703 studies. The content analysis method was used in data synthesis. Results: 36 studies were considered relevant for the review. 23 factors that affect the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of nursing students towards patient safety were determined. Four main factor groups were described as follows: Factors related to demographic data; Factors related to clinical environment; Factors related to academic environment; Contextual factors. Conclusion: Nursing students' perception of patient safety was influenced by the educational and clinical environment. In relation to education, there is a need to integrate the patient safety subject at the beginning of nursing studies and to strengthen existing knowledge about adverse events.

In the validation of nursing diagnoses, which has a superior position in the research in the field of the nursing diagnostics, there is an important role of a group of nurses-specialists. Validation studies cannot be performed without their cooperation. A consequent choice of a group of experts is an important step in the process of the validation of nursing diagnoses. Accurate criteria for the identification of experts were delimited by Fehring in 1994 (Fehring, 1994, p. 59), but they cannot be employed in any country to their whole extent. The authors of particular validation studies use their partial modifications depending on the type of the study and conditions of the particular country. The target of the contribution presented here is to propose criteria of the choice of experts for purposes of validation studies of nursing diagnoses in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. The method of the panel discussion was employed for the establishment of criteria, which was implemented in January 2010. The panel of experts included 10 university teachers - 5 specialists from the Czech Republic and 5 specialists from the Slovak Republic. Fehring criteria were modified in such a way that they corresponded to the contemporary condition of the education of nurses in clinical practice. The criteria proposed are divided into the basic and supplementary ones. The basic classical criteria considered by the authors of the contribution are education in the branch nursing and clinical practice with at least one-year affiliation in the field adequate to the nursing diagnosis in question. The supplementing criteria are the specialty/certification in the field of the clinical practice with taking into account the relevant area of the nursing diagnosis, diploma, rigorous or dissertation theses in problems of nursing diagnostics and a published article (of research or theoretical nature) in the field of nursing diagnostics in a professional journal. Points were assigned to particular criteria from 1 to 3 provided that the expert is a nurse achieving the total number of 4 points. The criteria proposed can be achieved and are optimal for the choice of a group of experts in the field of validation of nursing diagnoses in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic and they will be tested in validation studies of nursing diagnoses selected.

Introduction: Pregnancy and the postpartum period are a risk period in a woman's life in terms of manifesting mental disorders, such as postpartum depression. Previous research has identified several risk factors affecting the onset and progression of postpartum depression. Aim: (1) to find the occurrence of depressive symptoms in the postpartum women group; (2) to verify the influence of selected factors on the level of postpartum depression. Materials and methods: Study sample consisted of 510 mothers in the postpartum period, mean age 30.6 years (±5.3; range 19-45 years). The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used to measure symptoms of depression; a questionnaire of our own design was used to assess selected factors potentially influencing level of depressive symptoms. Results: In the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, the respondents achieved an average score of 9.3 ± 5.6; and the prevalence of severe depressive symptoms was 25.3%. The linear regression model showed that significant predictors of postpartum depression were: lower education; history of depression; dependence on the opinion of others; concerns about future; low satisfaction with motherhood; problems with partner; problems with breast-feeding; tearful child; negative emotions toward the baby; and poor mastering of maternity. Discussion: Significant predictors of postpartum depression identified in this study can be easily detected in clinical practice using the unique long-term contact that a woman has with her prenatal midwife. Evaluation of mothers' emotional health and screening for postpartum depression risk factors can enable midwives to identify those at risk and intervene in a timely manner.

The aim of the study was to compare the workload of nurses in patients after cardiac surgery with minimal access, anaesthesia standard and according to the 'Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol' (ERAS protocol). A quantitative descriptive design was used. The study included a group of 100 patients with mitral valve disease in a Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Poland. The research project lasted 7 months. The nurses' workload was assessed in accordance with the guidelines of NAS scale. The average age of cardiac surgery patients studied was 54.9 ± 14.38. In the studied group of cardiac surgery patients there were 48% women and 52% men. The average workload of nurses in the ERAS group in NAS scoring on day 0 of daily duty was 67.5 ± 2.97. The average workload of nurses in the ERAS group in NAS scoring on day 1 of daily duty was 48.6 ± 2.85. The average workload of nurses in the ERAS group in NAS scoring on day 2 of daily duty was 48.6 ± 2. Patients who were anesthetised according to the ERAS protocol required less labour than standard anesthetised patients. The workload for patients anaesthetised according to the ERAS protocol is lower compared to the workload on standard anesthetised patients.

Aim: The aim of the research was to demonstrate the positive effect of cognitive training on the state of cognitive functions in seniors with dementia. Design: Qualitative cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 22 seniors who met the criteria (which we specified for listing in the selected sample) participated in the cognitive training. The seniors completed 14 lessons (each lasting 45 minutes) of intensive two-week group cognitive training. The content included exercises for practicing attention and concentration, mnemotechnics and their application in life, and tasks for practicing short-term and long-term memory. All seniors were initially examined with the MoCA-CZ test. After completing the group cognitive training, re-testing and final evaluation were performed. Microsoft Excel was used for statistical processing of the results. Results: The cognitive training demonstrated a slight increase in the MoCA test score by 1-4 points in 18 cases. In four cases, the score did not change. Thus, after 14 lessons of cognitive training, there was an average increase of the score by 2 points per person. Most of the participants also stated that the cognitive training was beneficial for them and encouraged them to be more active. Moreover, they felt an improvement in cognitive functions after completing it. Conclusions: Cognitive training has proven to be an effective tool in improving cognitive functions and activity in seniors with mild to moderate dementia.

Aim: The Covid-19 pandemic has become a global health problem and, as leading service providers, nurses are expected to retain self-management skills and a commitment to the hospital. The research objective was to determine the effect of self-leadership and organizational commitment on the performance of nurses who served in the Covid-19 treatment ward. Methods: A descriptive-analytic study using a cross-sectional research design was conducted. A total of 52 nurses were given a questionnaire that had been pilot tested for reliability and validity. Results: The study found that self-leadership and organizational commitment simultaneously affected the performance of the nurses (p = 0.009). The partial effect of self-leadership on nurse performance obtained a significance of p = 0.044. Organizational commitment also obtained a partial effect on nurse performance (p = 0.025). Conclusions: Self-leadership and organizational commitment have a positive and significant effect on the performance of nurses in the Covid-19 ward. This research expands on nursing management science knowledge and literature. Recommendations for considering the management of nursing personnel in Covid-19 wards are also discussed. Overall, self-leadership and attention to organizational commitment greatly impact optimal productivity and nurse performance.

Introduction: Demographic changes entail an increasing incidence of dementia. Next of kin experience challenges in health due to a mismatch between social support and burdens of care in everyday life. The aim of the study was to contribute to knowledge about what characterises the experience and learning of social support among the next of kin of people with dementia - and how this experience can be understood. Methods: The study used a qualitative research design. The sample contained thirteen persons participating in three focus group interviews, six women and seven men in different next of kin roles, experiencing different phases of dementia, and from both rural and urban municipalities in Norway. The study was approved by the Norwegian Centre of Research Data and informed consent obtained from all participants. The transcribed interviews were analysed using narrative analysis with four main readings. Results: The participants focused on their entire life situation. They pointed to extensive changes in their life situations over a long period of time, where the need for social support persisted and changed. Three thematic characteristics of social support have been analysed: Acknowledging dramatic change; Ensuring the right help at the right time; and Self-taught social support. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, a life course perspective, continuity, and focus on communicative competence in enhancing social support are central to the experience of social support for the next of kin of people with dementia.

Aim: We evaluated the knowledge and experience of general nurses, across multicultural backgrounds, on managing postoperative pain in one healthcare facility in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Online cross-sectional questionnaire survey. The data was analysed using the STATA 15 programme at significance level α = 0.05. Results: In total, 473 general nurses were involved in the survey across 16 different nationalities (average age 35.7 years, 92.4% female). The use of pain scales differs according to the type of department (p = 0.000). The numeric pain scale was most commonly used in the standard surgical department and the FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) scale in the intensive care units. The type of non-pharmacological treatment method differs according to the type of department (p < 0.05). The application of warm compression is the most commonly used treatment in the surgical department, while psychosocial support was declared most often in day care surgery units. Conclusions: The results showed inconsistencies in the management of postoperative pain. Different scales are used to assess pain and different procedures of non-pharmacological therapy are used. It is appropriate to establish uniform guidelines and to regularly inform general nurses about new trends in the treatment of postoperative pain, based on international standards.

Aim: The main aim of the paper is to examine the differences in reasons for unfinished nursing care according to the type of hospitals and wards. The work also intends to investigate the relationship between the reasons for unfinished nursing care and nurses' job satisfaction. Design: Cross-sectional correlation study. Methods: The sample consisted of 371 nurses working in internal medicine and surgical disciplines of four selected hospitals in the Olomouc region. The Czech version of the MISSCARE Survey questionnaire was used to collect data, containing 61 items divided into three areas - work-related factors, activities of unfinished care and reasons for unfinished care. The reasons for unfinished nursing care were operationalized in the MISSCARE Survey by domains, such as human resources, material resources and communication. The data collection was held between May and September 2020. ANOVA test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyse the data. Results: Human resources and staffing were rated as the most important reasons for unfinished nursing care. Significant differences between university and regional hospitals were found in the human and material resources. A positive correlation was found between the number of patients in the last shift and the significance of reasons in human and material sources and communication. A negative correlation was found between the nurses' satisfaction with their current position, with the role as a nurse, with the teamwork, and reasons for unfinished nursing care. Conclusions: A deeper analysis of processes contributing to the prevalence of missed nursing care can help better understand the barriers in providing a complex nursing care and can implement effective interventions into practice.