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Introduction: There are many groups of people who are threatened by poverty. One of these groups is relatively new - the working poor. These people work but their income is still below the poverty level. Fortunately, in the Czech Republic, the number of such people is relatively low - approximately 4%. However, poverty can lead to involuntary social exclusion. Social support can help avoid such exclusion. Social support is influenced by the quality of family relationships, relationships with neighbours and the creation of social networks. Social support helps to solve difficult situations on one's own. Methods: The research was carried out using quantitative strategy. We used the standardized MOS questionnaire for social support for the collection of data. The processing and subsequent statistical analysis were carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics 24 programme. The sample group included the working poor from South Bohemia. Results: We found that social support in this group of people was not very large; it is average. As we assumed, the highest score in social support was achieved regarding the area of family/love. Age, education and gender were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our research showed that most working poor respondents did not have a high level of social support but a maximum average. The highest level of social support was achieved in families, which many studies state is the most important social support during the management of difficult situations. We believe that the development of the relationships with neighbours and the whole community could contribute to a higher level of social support in the region. We see a large contribution in community work.

Background: Nurses' competency is a critical component that governs the quality of healthcare. In the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, the identification of new required competencies for nurses is essential to foster nursing services. Purpose: The qualitative research aimed to explore new competencies that nurses need - as perceived by nurses and other significant stakeholders - compared to the Core Competencies for Vietnamese Nurses (CCVN) regulated by the Ministry of Health of Vietnam in 2012. Methods: The research was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, with a purposive sample of thirty-one participants. Data were gathered using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FDG). Content analysis was applied to analyze the data. Findings: The findings revealed that the new competencies required for Vietnamese nurses were: essential attributes of nurses, attitude and values-based nursing care requirements, and transcultural competencies. Conclusions: Knowledge derived from this study suggested that the innovation of the CCVN should be considered.

In general practitioners' offices (GPOs), nurses care for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), too. Goal: Our goal was to find the amount of knowledge and the level of self-assessment of nurses in GPOs in connection to persons with DM, and to analyze the relationships between the dependent variable (overall level of knowledge about DM) and selected independent variables. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of nurses in 2018. A 64-item questionnaire was used to collect the data; a part of which was a standardized Rev. Diabetes Knowledge Test (revDKT). Within the data analysis, regression analysis was conducted in exploratory regime. Results: A total of 237 nurses (working in GPOs) took part in the study (average age 38 ± 10.6). Within the analysis, the overall level of self-assessment was taken as a mean from 25 items assessed on a scale of 1-5; the smaller the value, the more positive the self-assessment. In our case the mean was 3.35. Within the analysis, the overall level of general knowledge of DM was taken as a sum of points from a total of 33 knowledge items (43 points max). The respondents averaged 22 points, which represents a 51% success rate on the test. A college education (either three or five years) had the greatest influence on the overall level of knowledge. Conclusions: There are nurses with varying professional qualifications, education, and job titles working in GPOs. The self-assessment and overall knowledge score connected to DM of the groups being compared (practical nurses and other) is rather low. To increase the competencies of nurses in GPOs, it is necessary to inform general practitioners of nurse categories, and ensure further education of nurses in the area of DM.

This research survey was aimed at identifying the opinions of nurses regarding the issue of patient safety in the use of restraints on patients in hospitals in the Czech Republic. The research was designed as a sociological study and was accomplished through the technique of a questionnaire survey using an interviewer. The sample group of nurses included nurses working in shifts on the hospital wards and was based on the needs of the project and the methodology of the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. The entire sample consisted of 772 nurses. Most nurses considered the likelihood of an injury to the patient in the use of means of restraint (specifically when strapping the patient) to be negligible (48%) and low (36.9%). Nurses working in surgical and medical wards reported a higher likelihood of patient injuries during restriction while bedridden than nurses working in other departments. The existence of a standard or regulation that would regulate the procedure for the use of restraints, if a patient is restless, aggressive or at risk of self-harm was confirmed by 91.3% of nurses. Immobilization and restraint in justifiable cases in surgeries are carried out by 65.5% of nurses. To prevent complications connected with the use of restraints, we consider continual training sessions and education of medical personnel important in connection with the use of restraints and auditing in maintaining standards of nursing care and the prevention of complications associated with the use of restrictive procedures, and then using these measures only in necessary and justified cases.

In the past three decades, there was a visible increase regarding asthma prevalence and allergic diseases all around the world, especially in countries with a Western lifestyle, so called westernization. Bronchial asthma affects the quality of life of asthmatic and his family. The health determinants have an impact on the onset and development of bronchial asthma. The cause of an allergy is a combination of 50% of genetic factors and an additional 50% involving environmental factors. The onset and development of atopy and asthma is dependent on many factors, such as environmental factors (indoor and outdoor air pollution, domestic animals, allergens, tobacco smoke, hormones, endotoxins) and personal factors (gender, smoking, obesity, food, diet, breastfeeding, development of lungs). There is confirmation of major association of asthma with low birth weight, mothers' family background, which interacts with socio-economic status. The development of asthma affects increased intake of sodium, decreased intake of fruit, vegetables and fish. A positive effect has the intake of coffee (caffeine) and vitamin C. Exposure to harmful substances has been associated with workplace factors (occupational asthma), residential housing and lifestyle habits, which depend on social status. It was discovered, that there is an association between asthma and being overweight as well. Maternal stress during pregnancy, stress in the family, maternal anxiety, lack of functioning within family, may also be a trigger for the onset and development of asthma. Poorly controlled bronchial asthma increases direct and indirect health care costs, limits asthmatics at work as well as in their daily life. Precautions and stabilization of this disease can also insure the knowledge of the various medico-social aspects of patients with bronchial asthma.

Introduction: Both pre-conception and especially a mother's (parents') prenatal risk habits play a very significant role in the etiology of baby ontogeny abnormalities and health disorders. These abnormalities and disorders can manifest themselves immediately or in long-term latency. The behavior of future mothers is affected with their knowledge, which forms the basis of women's everyday habits. This is an expression of their health literacy and psychosocial factors. This can be positively influenced by care providers (midwives) within prenatal counseling or courses, preferably before the conception. Aim: The aim of the survey was to find out the current level of health literacy in the field of women's smoking in connection with their pregnancy, and the factors which affect it the most. Materials and methods: The questionnaire survey and evaluation of selected anthropometric parameters in women after birth in selected bed-care facilities in Bohemia and Moravia were used for the study (research). Statistical analyses was carried out by Pearson's test χ2 (chi-square) and Anova test on significance level 0.05. Results: It was found that in spite of relatively good awareness, smoking is a widespread habit among the population of potential mothers and is connected to education level and smoking in a woman's family history. Some women (30%) quit smoking when they decide to get pregnant or during pregnancy. Some women (10%) do not give up the habit despite being aware of the risk to both mothers' and babies' health. Conclusions: It is clear that the prevention and elimination of the risk behavior of pregnant women, in our case smoking, still shows considerable insufficiencies. An important part of the effective prevention of fetal harm and future development of the child, not only in the context of prenatal care, is health literacy, which can be improved through prenatal courses and counseling led by a midwife.

Aim: Staffing is believed to have a profound influence on the reduction of maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity. Our research aims to examine the relationship between staffing characteristics and severe maternal outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study analyzing the data of deliveries and staffing from the eleven maternity units at the tertiary hospitals in the Java region of Indonesia. Results: The present study revealed that staffing characteristics were significantly associated with severe maternal outcomes. Maternity units with a higher nurse to birth ratio reduced the odds of severe maternal outcomes by 52% (OR = 0.476; 95% CI: 0.307-0.739). However, admission to units with a higher midwife to birth ratio increased the odds of experiencing severe maternal outcomes by 1.8 times (OR = 1.809; 95% CI: 1.070-3.059). The likelihood of severe maternal outcomes in maternity units is reduced by 52% for every additional year of nursing experience (OR = 0.476; 95% CI: 0.304-0.745), and by 69% for every additional year of midwifery experience (OR = 0.313; 95% CI: 0.200-0.491). Conclusions: The findings signify the prominent role of healthcare workers in maternal healthcare at the tertiary level. A further study is recommended to provide more support for the evidence-based policy in relation to developing safe staffing standards within the maternal healthcare framework.

This ethnographic study is a critical reflection on what is traditionally one of the cardinal rules within most of the therapeutic communities that are engaged in treating people who are addicted to narcotic drugs. That rule forbids the initiation of sexual relationships and partnership relationships between clients in the community. This study of clients and therapists in one specific community examines how clients perceive the rule that forbids the initiation of intimate relations during treatment, and whether those perceptions change during the course of treatment. It also addresses how therapists view the rule, and the impact it has on their work. The community's clients perceived the prohibition as encompassing more than just physical intimacy and close contact, extending to the formation of profound emotional connections. Each client participating in the study approached the obligation to abide by the restriction on sexual relations in their own unique manner, and devised personal strategies for managing it. The therapists regarded the regulation against sexual involvement as crucial for maintaining the appropriate course of therapy. They emphasized that romantic involvement within the community setting disrupts the group dynamics and has a detrimental effect on the therapeutic process. Similarities and disparities in attitudes toward the rule were identifiable among the clients and therapists. Both groups of respondents were convinced of the rule's significance, as it encourages clients to prioritize themselves and their own treatment.

Aim: The study assessed women's childbirth expectations and perceived effects of COVID-19 protocols on delivery in selected healthcare facilities in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design. 304 women were purposively recruited from March through December 2020 from selected healthcare facilities in Umuahia. A validated researcher-developed questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics of frequencies, means, and standard deviations. Results: Major findings showed highly rated expectations of women during childbirth were women's involvement in decision making about their care (3.69 ± 3.20), provision of adequate information on baby care (3.65 ± 3.17), and positive attitude of healthcare providers (3.59 ± 3.11). A greater number of the participants strongly agreed that COVID-19 lockdown led to severe labor outcomes (3.25 ± 2.98) and delays in observing COVID-19 protocols by skilled personnel during delivery pose a great threat to mother and baby (3.58 ± 3.12). On the other hand, observation of social distancing by midwives (1.57 ± 1.28) and testing women for COVID-19 before admission (1.96 ± 1.58) did not have any negative effect on the women's delivery. Conclusions: Women's involvement in decision making concerning their birth plans and care are among the women's expectations for their birth. Healthcare providers need to fully understand these expectations and provide care that is consistent with them. It is also essential that information provided to antenatal women, especially during pandemics, is comprehensive and comprehensible. This should be used to openly communicate issues that may impact their birth experience, particularly in pandemics.

This article aims to analyse the connection between factors of social exclusion and cognitive development in Roma children. Methods: The research group included 400 Roma children aged 7-11 years (ethnicity based on self-identification) and their parents. They were quota selected from all regions of the Czech Republic, from socially excluded localities and beyond. We used the Woodcock-Johnson IV COG comprehensive intelligence test battery as a research tool to measure cognitive abilities. We measured social exclusion with the newly created Social Exclusion Scale test. We used the SPSS programme to process the data using correlations and regression analysis. Results: Research shows a connection between social exclusion and the cognitive abilities of Roma children in the Czech Republic, but the correlation is not very strong. The cognitive abilities primarily include insufficient language skills and related communication skills in offices, schools, and other institutions. Another important factor are cultural specificities and differences of the Roma minority. For practical social work, working on developing knowledge of the Czech language among Roma families and helping with incomprehensible communication with the authorities seems crucial.

Aim: This study aims to determine the effect of comprehensive sexual education on improving knowledge, attitudes, and skills in preventing premarital sexual behavior. Design: Quasi-experimental pre-post-test design with a control group. Methods: The participants in this study were SMKN 1 Cibadak students. 60 respondents were divided into two groups (intervention group = 30 and control group = 30). The purposive sampling technique selected participants with the following inclusion criteria: grade 9 students who are already dating. In the intervention group, comprehensive sexual education was conducted for six sessions, consisting of six main topics. The research instrument was a knowledge, attitudes, and skills questionnaire which had previously been tested for validity and reliability using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene test. The collected data were processed using SPSS version 25.0 and analyzed by univariate (frequency and percentage), bivariate (paired t-test and independent t-test), and multivariate (linear regression test). Results: Comprehensive sexual education significantly improved knowledge, attitudes, and skills in preventing premarital sexual behavior with a p-value = 0.000. The difference in each variable's mean and standard deviation significantly occurred between the intervention and control group with the results of knowledge (17.60 ± 3.86 vs. 11.33 ± 5.96), attitude (53.93 ± 13.92 vs. 28.53 ± 13.13), and skill (34.93 ± 3.78 vs. 16.87 ± 8.13). Conclusions: Comprehensive sexual education has proven to be effective in increasing knowledge, attitudes, and skills to prevent premarital sexual behavior. Therefore, it can be used as a special intervention in public health centers for adolescents. This intervention approach can be achieved by a collaboration between health services and formal institutions, such as schools and communities (e.g., youth organizations).

This article covers a complex topic of human resources management, with a focus on social service organizations in six randomly selected regions of the Czech Republic (Central Bohemian region; Moravian-Silesian region; South Moravian region; Prague; Olomouc region; South Bohemian region). The research was intended to determine how social service providers implement human resource management - from the point of view of the directors/managers of these organizations. Another aim was to determine how these organizations implement personnel policies. The final aim was to determine how the selection process is implemented when hiring new employees. Although human resources management in social services organizations is an essential part of the manager's job, there is little peer-reviewed literature on this topic. Our research was carried out using a mixed strategy and the QUAN-qual model. The qualitative research was used for completion of the data collected by the quantitative research. The results show that organizations that provide social services (and social work) are very specific with regard to human resources management, and expert knowledge in the field of organization management may not be a high priority.

Background: This study examines the impact of a mindfulness-based stress reduction-training program on depression, anxiety, and stress among nurses in Morocco. Methods: Participants were selected from a hospital in the province of Tetouan, Morocco. They included 80 hospital nurses, 59 women and 21 men. They were randomly assigned to an intervention group and a control group, with 40 participants in each group. An eight-week mindfulness training was used as a psychological intervention in the intervention group. To assess the outcomes of both groups before and after the intervention, a depression, anxiety, and stress scale and a five-facet mindfulness questionnaire were used. Results: In the intervention group, mean post-test scores showed significant differences from pre-test in the depression variable (η2 = 0.249; p < 0.001), Anxiety = (η2 = 0.282; p < 0.001), and Stress = (η2 = 0.396; p < 0.001), as well as in the FFMQ (η2 = 0.379; p < 0.001. Similarly, a 4-month follow-up revealed that all variables showed statistically significant differences, with an equally large effect size (η2 = 1.387; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The MBSR training program is an effective, evidence-based psychotherapeutic intervention for treating depression, anxiety, and stress in hospital nurses. Further in-depth studies based on neuroscientific data using electroencephalogram (EEG) evoked brain potentials are recommended.

Objectives: Given the general ageing of our population, the number of women suffering from the symptoms of oestrogen deficiency in postmenopause, which may affect their health-related quality of life, is increasing. Therefore, health professionals need reliable tools to be able to find out how the strengths and difficulties that affect the health-related quality of life of particular women are perceived. The aim was to create a Czech version of the Menopause Rating Scale, to assess the psychometric characteristics and validate the questionnaire in clinical practice.
Methods: Using a repeated and back translation of the Czech version of the questionnaire used worldwide, a sample of 204 women after natural menopause between the ages of 49 and 63 years was tested. Based on the results obtained, verbal protocols, questionnaire feedback, re-filling methods, and evaluation by client and health care professionals, a standardized Czech version was created.
Results: Clinical practice was given the use of a Czech version of the Menopause Rating Scale, which allows evaluation of the quality of life related to health in women during postmenopause. It is a short screening questionnaire, which has 11 items.
Conclusion: The Czech version of the Menopause Rating Scale is a standardized tool for assessing the quality of life in clinical settings. Although the psychometric structure is difficult, from a practical point of view the questionnaire will help identify three domains: somatic-vegetative, urogenital, and psychological. The questionnaire is also useful for evaluating the intensity of the symptoms of oestrogen deficiency and the possible effect of the applied therapy for women in postmenopause.

Objective: This study compared the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) with ultrasound therapy (US - control group) in preventing social limitations and the improvement of foot health status (FHS) in men with a chronic calcaneal spur (CS).
Material and methods: Forty men were randomly allocated and then received ESWT or US therapy. Two people from the US group ignored the call for study 3 months later, so they were excluded. Therefore, 38 men were analyzed. The ESWT group received 5 treatments once a week, and sessions took place at weekly intervals. Meanwhile, the US group received 10 treatments, 3 times per week. The FHS was assessed using a foot health status questionnaire (FHSQ). The scores were recorded and compared within the groups and between the groups pre treatment, immediately post treatment, and 3 months post treatment.
Results: We found a significant improvement of FHS and reduction of social limitations immediately post treatment (up to 3 months post treatment in patients with chronic CS).
Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence that patients with CS can obtain greater significant health benefits of the foot care when treated by ESWT, rather than by US.

It is possible to state that every complicated question about dealing with the contemporary migration crisis has a simple but a wrong answer. From the constructivist perspective, the level of an objective grip of reality by the human mind is debatable, so, in this article, we can at least try to offer a certain (even simplified) view, particularly from the perspective of economics. Most economic analyses of the contemporary state of the Czech Republic appear very positive. In 2016, there was a record over profit margin in the state budget and unemployment in the Czech Republic was the lowest in the EU. Are such economic conditions a relevant factor for the integration of immigrants according to the system of the migration quotas of the EU, or is it possible that we cannot count on the long-term positive economic condition of the Czech Republic, because the economic condition of the state is not as positive as it seems? The low average income in the Czech Republic and large investments abroad do not add up to the positive economic picture painted in the Czech Republic. From an economic perspective, the Czech Republic is able to integrate the number of immigrants according to the EU quotas. If the quotas grow because it is not possible to determine the exact number of refugees, it can be assumed that the economic stability of the Czech Republic will be critical.

Long-term care for apallic clients in residential social institutions in the Czech Republic faces the problem of insufficient definition in present legislation. The trend in the provision of services to clients in a coma is an integrated attitude from a multidisciplinary team providing health and social services. The aim of the text is to analyze the conditions of integrated care for people with Apallic syndrome in homes for people with disabilities and, in a comprehensive manner, to describe the functioning of a registered residential social service for apallic people. The goal was achieved through qualitative research, making use of semi-structured interviews and knowledge gained by the means of studying available relevant sources. The results proved that the issue of provision of integrated quality care to persons in a coma is resolvable. In the residential social service, it is possible to provide high-quality health care, nursing care and social care under specific conditions which are based on the individual needs of clients.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to perform a fall risk screening and to identify the risk factors for falling in hospitalized patients with neurological disease aged up to and over 65 years.
Design: A quantitative prospective cross-sectional study.
Methods: The sample consisted of 103 patients who were hospitalized in the neurological unit. Empirical data was recorded in the research protocol, which included selected fall risk factors and the Morse Fall Scale (MFS).
Results: Significant fall predictors in patients older than 65 years were: secondary diagnosis (p = 0.000), poly-pharmacotherapy (p = 0.000), number of medications taken over 24 hours (p = 0.000), a vision disorder (p = 0.005), continence disorder (p = 0.008), female sex (p = 0.005), the use of an ambulatory aid (p = 0.008), sleep disorders (p = 0.025), and hearing disorders (p = 0.033). The mean MFS total fall risk was 45.7 ± 20.2. In the sample of patients at high risk of falling, there were significant predictors of the falls: disorders of gait and balance (p = 0.000), the use of an ambulatory aid (p = 0.000), a history of falling (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.004), poly-pharmacotherapy = 0.008), continence disorder (p = 0.019), and vision disorder (p = 0.027).
Conclusion: The identification of fall risk factors is the basis for the implementation of targeted nursing interventions to prevent and reduce falls.

Introduction: This paper deals with the invalidity of the first, second and third stage in the motoric system, which is one of the most frequent causes of invalidity. The impairments are dorsalgia, polyarthralgia, coxarthritis or gonarthritis. The goal of this study is to show the economic costs which the Czech Social Security Administration spends on the impairments of the motoric system during temporary work inability and the new invalidity pension system regarding these impairments. It is necessary to say that it provides a long-term pay-out of health insurance during temporary work inability.
Materials and methods: Evaluation was based on the data provided by the Czech Social Security Administration. The sample group included people who applied for invalidity pension in 2016. They were in the first and the second stage of the motoric system impairment. The quantitative research used the content analysis of texts to evaluate the data.
Results: We learned that the number of people who apply for invalidity pension increases every year, as well as the amount of money that is paid out.
Conclusion: We can say that motoric system impairments are the most frequent causes of temporary work inability. They are also the most frequent invalidity. Annually, these impairments cause work inability to more than 50 thousand people and invalidity pension is paid out to nearly 24 thousand policyholders. This alarming fact significantly influences the economic costs of the Czech Republic.

Purpose: To examine the awareness and attitude of paediatric nursing students, adolescents, and nurses towards virtual nursing and advanced devices for type one diabetes. Design and setting: This research adopted a descriptive correlation design. It was conducted at the faculty of Nursing in Benha University, and the Paediatric Department and Outpatient Clinic at the specialized paediatric hospital in Benha city, Egypt. Sample: Simple random sampling was used to select participants over a period of two months. Instruments: Demographic details and a structured questionnaire were used to assess awareness of advanced devices and virtual nursing. An adapted Likert scale was used to evaluate the attitudes of participants. Results: Most paediatric nurses demonstrated high levels of awareness, whereas adolescents and paediatric nursing students showed relatively poor awareness. The majority of participants exhibited positive attitudes towards virtual nursing and the use of advanced devices for managing type one diabetes. The relationships between the awareness and attitudes of participants, and their age, gender, and economic status were found to be positive and statistically significant. Conclusions: Most research participants had no previous experience with virtual nursing care and so their awareness of the topic was poor; even though they generally exhibited positive attitudes towards virtual nursing care and the use of modern devices to manage type one diabetes.

The aim of the article is to describe the demographic development of the population in the Czech Republic in the last quarter-century. Particular attention is paid to the process of demographic ageing, which is determined by the development of two main components of population reproduction - fertility and mortality. These basic demographic processes had undergone considerable changes in the monitored period as a result of social and economic factors. In particular, there is a significant decrease in fertility, although the baby boomers generation from the 70s of the last century got into the reproductive age, and reduction of mortality, which has resulted in a constant increase of life expectancy. The number, structure and distribution of the population are also affected by migration; especially at the end of the monitored period migration had a significant effect on the annual change of numbers in the population. The process of demographic ageing is also related to the matter of health condition of the population which is growing old. State of health can be generally evaluated according to both objective and subjective indicators. Objective indicators do not have a good data base, since it is only a fact objectively documented by a doctor, and it is evident that people do not go the doctor with all their diseases. Therefore, more and more attention is paid to subjective indicators when surveyors directly assess their health status. According to the performed surveys, it is evident that the subjective evaluation of health over the last twenty years has improved, but there is also the trend of increasing chronic illness rate in the population, not only with age, but also in time. This fact may have a significant impact on the functioning of the medical and social system in the Czech Republic in connection with the process of demographic aging and its further deepening.

The aim of the study was to validate the priority interventions NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification) and the expected results NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification) in patients hospitalized in intensive care unit with nursing diagnosis ineffective breathing pattern.
Twenty experts helped with the verification of priority interventions and expected results. They assigned score using Likert scale to individual interventions and results. During testing, the experts had to indicate with the help of Likert scale how they perform various activities in selected NIC and how they evaluate different indicators in selected NOC. They could select from the following scale: 1 = not at all, 2 = seldom, 3 = sometimes, 4 = many times, 5 = always. The data were consequently analyzed by assigning a value to each of the responses (1 = 0; 2 = 0.25; 3 = 0.5; 4 = 0.75; 5 = 1). The maximum value that could be achieved in the evaluated field was 1, the minimum was 0. Activities (for NIC) and indicators (for NOC) which reached the value ≥0.8, were identified as the priority use. In case that they achieved the value ≤0.5, they were excluded on the reason that the nurses perform them minimally or not at all. Others were taken as commonly used.
Based on the analysis of related NIC (specifically, it was respiratory monitoring 3350, ventilation assistance 3390, chest physiotherapy 3230, airways suctioning 3160 and airways management 3140), we concluded that only 62 activities from a total number 158 were used by nurses. In NOC from a total number of 83, 50 indicators were assessed and 32 can be considered typically rated. On the basis of the results our experts consider most of NIC interventions unusable. On the other hand, more than half of NOC indicators were rated as useful.
The results of the study point to the fact that possible introduction of classification systems NIC and NOC requires further testing in clinical practice in the Czech Republic in order to use them effectively.

Health literacy is important as it shows the degree to which a person understands and interprets medical information and makes the appropriate health decision. The workers of steel factories are often faced with health information and issues in their work place related to personal protection, occupational hazards and occupational injuries. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate the health literacy of the workers to ensure health literacy responsive work places. This paper aims to show the health literacy level of the steel factory male workers in Turkey.
In this study, in order to measure the health literacy level of men, REALM and NVS scales were used. Additionally, questions related to socio-demographics and the health information sources and General Health Questionnaire were applied. For the analysis, chi-square and ANOVA tests were used.
Of the participants, the mean age was 34.9 ± 8.8 (min.-max. = 18-53), the mean scores were 64.0 ± 2.1, 3.2 ± 1.2, and 1.5 ± 0.8, respectively for REALM, NVS and GHQ scales. According to REALM scale, 8.1% (n = 20) of the workers had limited health literacy. Whereas, in the NVS scale, 5.7% (n = 14) had inadequate health literacy, and 55.1 % (n = 136) had limited health literacy.
At least one of every ten workers had limited or inadequate health literacy level. The results should be taken into consideration by the healthcare providers and policymakers while implementing health promotion interventions to increase the health literacy level of the workers.

Introduction: Nursing students are a vulnerable population during the COVID-19 pandemic because they experience a higher level of stress and mental health problems than the non-healthcare student population, putting them at a higher risk for suicidal behaviour. Aim: To explore suicidality among nursing students and assess the association between independent variables and suicidality. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 670 nursing students from 5 Indonesian universities who were recruited using consecutive sampling. Self-administered validated instruments consisted of 8 sections: sociodemographic questionnaire, RSES to assess self-esteem, BHS to assess hopelessness, UCLA-3 to assess loneliness, GSES to assess self-efficacy, PHQ-9 to assess depression, CD-RISC-10 to assess resilience, and SBQ-R to assess suicidality. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify significant predictors of suicidality. Results: Suicidality prevalence among nursing students was 22.8%. The following factors were significantly associated with suicidality (p < 0.05): low resilience (AOR = 2.044; 95%CI: 1.309-3.192), loneliness (AOR = 1.609; 95%CI: 1.040-2.492), hopelessness (AOR = 4.448; 95%CI: 2.356-8.398), and depression (AOR = 9.413; 95%CI: 5.795-15.288). Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that resilience, loneliness, hopelessness, and depression are risk factors for suicidality among nursing students. This outcome can be used as a basis to develop appropriate suicide prevention strategies.

Objective: Literary review; analysis of literary sources dealing with midwives who use coping strategies in care of women with labour pain. Design: A review study. Methodology: Qualitative study; system search in the electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science, midwives magazine, CINAHL, Cochrane, according to established criteria and the following keywords: coping, birth, labour pain, strategy. The overview was made within the period between September 2017 and June 2018. Selected studies were reviewed from the years 2000-2014. The obtained studies were organized according to Prism recommendations. Results: A comparison of studies from the UK, Ireland, America and Australia. The study showed the positive impact of a midwife who uses a coping strategy while engaging a woman in the labour process and allowing her to decide on its course. This relationship leads to a better understanding and perception of birth pain by women as something positive and needed in childbirth; it is co-operation with a midwife and managing the birth itself without risks and complications. Conclusions: The idea of modern nursing in midwifery is comprehensive, ongoing care for a woman by midwives during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period taken as a relationship and supported by a woman's trust. This leads to the elimination of the disruption of natural processes of labour and delivery, the reduction of possible risks and complications, and to a positive pregnancy, childbirth and following contact between women and their newborns.

Aim: The purpose of this review was to investigate the barriers preventing nurses from evaluating and applying evidence from research findings in their nursing practice. Background: Evidence-based practice, a recent addition to the nursing literature, has been reported to promote beneficial outcomes. The investigation of factors influencing its adoption and, in particular, the integration of empirical evidence with nursing practice is warranted. Methods: A systematic review was performed using databases, such as PubMed, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, and MEDLINE, to access articles published between 2008 and 2017. A total of 14 studies met the selection criteria and were included in the study. This review was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Results: The main barrier hindering the integration of research evidence into practice, and consequently, the application of evidence-based practice to nursing was nurses' lack of time to conduct searches and read research articles. At the same time, many other factors, which are common among studies, appeared to influence differences in the nurses' incorporation of research evidence into their practice. Conclusions: There is a significant gap between research and nursing practice. Identifying the factors contributing to this gap might provide a foundation for developing strategies to reconcile it.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to define and compare the experiences, feelings and needs of Slovenian and Croatian nursing students in relation to the concept of transcultural nursing. Design: A qualitative descriptive research design was used. Methods: A purposive sample of 15 Slovenian and 15 Croatian nursing students was selected. The data were collected through an open-ended questionnaire and analysed using the method of content analysis. Results: Three categories were identified: (1) understanding interculturalism; (2) recognition of the importance of intercultural awareness; (3) integration of cultural content into the curriculum. Conclusions: The opinions held by Slovenian and Croatian students on the way to integrate cultural content into the curriculum differ; the former favour including this content in existing courses, while the latter argue in favour of a separate course. Designing a study programme in nursing is a demanding task to which both students and faculty are committed.

The administration of medicines is a well-known risk factor associated with patient safety. Handling medicines is a routine daily activity for nurses. As such, nurses need to know basic information about how medicines are administered, as well as medicine storage, labeling, security, documentation, and how to dispose of unused medicines. As part of a standardized, controlled interview, we examined the knowledge base of nurses relative to the items list above. We also examined daily routines and habits relative to this topic. Our sample consisted of 1,202 nurses, who were representative of nurses in health care facilities, in terms of region and age, in the Czech Republic. The sample included nurses from a variety of hospital types. Most nurses (67.5%) reported that in their workplaces, doctors were only allowed to verbally-prescribe drugs under special circumstances. Roughly the same percentage of nurses were able to correctly identify the risk categories of drugs. However, only 10% of nurses knew the correct temperature for drug storage. A majority (64.9%) regularly checked drug expiration dates (once a week). Most nurses (72.6%) reported that they never prepared medications taken multiple times per day, in advance. Based on the results of our survey, nurses have a good understanding of how to handle and dispense medication; nonetheless, we found considerable room for improvement. Proper drug handling and administration are critically important for patient safety, and any omission or failure in these protocols can have serious or even fatal consequences.

Bigorexia was first mentioned in the early 20th century in the USA. It is an unanchored disease with elements of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is characterized by an obsession with the appearance of one's body, fear of not having enough muscles, and the urgent need for excessive physical exercise. The disorder can cause other serious illnesses and is also often associated with dependence on anabolic steroids or other addictive substances. The aim of this article is to provide basic information about the problem of bigorexia, including the diagnosis and treatment. It also deals with the possible health and social risks in people suffering from bigorexia. This article presents a set of results of the existing literature in the field of muscle dysmorphia from Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and other related scientific databases. The studied professional articles were not limited by the date of publication, as the original works provide insight into the initial investigation of bigorexia and the mapping of this disease. The search was performed using keywords related to the issue. The scientific articles were supplemented by diagnostic and statistical manuals and monographs. The research revealed that the issue of bigorexia is mainly dealt with in foreign countries. In the Czech Republic, relevant data regarding this disease is currently lacking. The existing foreign research has mainly been applied to the male population. The data in the female population is mostly missing.