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Introduction: Effective communication is of paramount importance for nursing students, and having positive attitudes towards learning can result in the achievement of effective communication skills. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a specific communication educational course and an experience of clinical internship on nursing students' attitudes toward effective communication. Methods: A before-after study design was used. We evaluated communication attitude using the Italian version of the Communication skills Attitude Scale (I-CSAS). The scale was submitted before starting a new Communication Skills educational intervention (T0), one month after the end of the intervention (T1), and after the clinical internship (T2). Results: The Positive Attitude Scale (PAS) was 53.9 ± 5.3 at T0, while the Negative Attitude Scale (NAS) was 26.9 ± 5.0. PAS scores increased one month after the educational intervention (T1) (Me = 55.8 ± 5.1, p = 0.058) and after the internship experience (T2) (57.2 ± 4.5, p = 1.243), while the NAS's average scores decreased (24.0 ± 4.5 at T1, p = 0.0002, and 23.5 ± 3.7 at T2, p = 0.1120). Conclusions: Our results suggest that a structured educational intervention can significantly improve student attitudes, and that subsequent clinical training helps to consolidate the levels achieved.

Ensuring workplace safety is paramount for organisations operating in the health or industrial sectors, as it mitigates the risk of accidents, injuries, and illnesses that may arise during job-related activities. This study employs bibliometric methods to analyse and evaluate published literature on workplace safety, identifying major themes, authors, and publications in the field and assessing the impact and influence of research in this area. The investigation obtains datasets from Scopus and Web of Science (WoS). The ScientoPy and VOSviewer software were utilised to analyse the datasets. The findings indicate a steady rise in the literature on workplace safety since the 1970s. In 2019, a notable quantity of publications amounting to 537 across both databases was documented. The subject of "Public, Environmental & Occupational Health" has achieved the highest ranking with 1,669 publications. The top five author keywords associated with this subject are "occupational health and safety", "health and safety", "safety", "occupational safety", and "occupational health". The term "COVID-19" has garnered significant attention recently, particularly in 2021 and 2022. The bibliometric analysis indicates that workplace safety research has been a consistent and growing topic of scholarly interest. The findings can guide future research undertakings, decision-making processes in policy formulation, and practical measures aimed at augmenting occupational safety and preserving workers' well-being and general welfare.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central and peripheral nervous system. This is a demyelinization and autoimmune disease. It rather involves patients in productive age, i.e. between 20 and 40 years of age, most frequently women. Clinical manifestations of the disease are considerably diverse (for example doubled vision, disorders of mobility and coordination). The treatment of multiple sclerosis calls for a complex approach. In addition to pharmacotherapy, rehabilitation and regimen provisions are also of importance. Regular physical activity helps maintain the physical condition and mobility, prevents origination of painful spasms and affects the activity of the digestive and excretion system. Motion in fresh air, for example cycling, ball games, tourism, is very suitable.
The target of the work was to find, whether the locomotor activity affects the course of multiple sclerosis. The main question was whether the patients, who are regularly physically active, experience a delay of the disease development and thus, risk of premature disability. The technique of questionnaire examination was employed in the research. The target group included 90 patients chosen by random selection, 69 women and 21 men. The average age was of 41.5 years and the average duration of the disease was of 9.5 years. The results of the research indicate that the physical activity has important effects on the course of the disease. The locomotor activity considerably affects the health and general condition of patients, improve their subjective attitudes and feelings and thus also the quality of their lives. The rate of the disease development and the degree of the patient disablement is considerably individual to a certain extent. The attitude of the patient to the disease is of importance. The effect of the locomotor activity is one of many determining factors.

The target of the study was to determine the measure of the satisfaction with life, subjectively perceived health condition and feelings of happiness in Czech children and to consider the results obtained as related to the site of dwelling, age and gender. The target population for the research were Czech children aged 11, 13 and 15 years.
The data were obtained from the total number of 5711 children: 1817 children, i.e. 31.8 %, aged 11 years; 1952 children, i.e. 34.2 %, aged 13 years; and 1942 children, i.e. 34 %, aged 15 years. By gender, the group included 2882 boys (50.5 %) and 2829 girls (49.5 %). The data accumulation was implemented within the scope of the research examination of the World Health Organization international study "The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: A WHO Cross-National Study" (HBSC). The analysis of the satisfaction with the life was implemented with the help of the Cantril index.
A high proportion of Czech children (80.6 %) states index of 6 and above on the scale of the satisfaction with life. A great majority of children (88 %) evaluates their health condition as excellent or good and more than 80% children feel happy. We considered statistically significant associations between the factors followed, age and gender of children and we demonstrated no association with the site of dwelling. Compared with results obtained in 2002, the measure of the satisfaction with the life decreased in children, particularly in children aged 11 years and in respondents of female gender.

There is growing evidence that spirituality and its components (meaning of life, hope, relation to other people/nature/higher power or God) are important correlates of mental health. The Aim of our work was to assess spirituality and its components in psychiatric patients compared to healthy population. The study sample consisted of 124 patients hospitalized in Clinic of Psychiatry of JLF UK and MFN in Martin. There were 65 women and 59 men. The Control group consisted of 201 internal and external university students. There were 147 women and 54 men. All participants completed Nowotny Hope Scale, Life Meaningfulness Scale, Prague Spirituality Questionnaire PSQ 36 and Spiritual Well-being Scale. We found that Patients reported significantly lower level of global hope, life meaningfulness and spiritual well-being than control group. In addition they had significantly lower level of fellowship and reported significantly higher level of Eco-spirituality than students. On the basis according to our findings we suppose that psychiatric disorders have negative influence on spirituality of patients and may lead to decrease in hope, life meaningfulness and spiritual well-being.

The article presents partial results of a research project focused on subjective perceiving of the quality of life of seniors in seniors' homes. The data were accumulated with the help of the World Health Organization standardized questionnaire - WHOQOL-OLD. The questions in this questionnaire are divided into six areas (domains) delimiting aspects of the quality of life. The text presented here shows selected results of the research associated with the domains death and dying and close relationships.
The research group (N1 = 156) included seniors from seniors' homes in the South-Bohemian Region, who were aged above 60 years, willing to cooperate and having cognitive functions saved to the extent providing they ability to answer the questionnaire items with an assistance. A research sample selected based on the same criteria was used as a control research group (N2 = 74), in which the respondents were alumni of the University of the Third Age U3A and lived in home environment.
The target of the research was to identify the effects on the quality of life of perceiving a) the death and dying and b) close relationships in seniors living in seniors' homes.
In terms of the domain death and dying, the results suggest that men from the University of the Third Age consider their quality of life higher compared to men from seniors' homes and furthermore that in women the quality of life in this domain is considered higher compared to men. In the domain of close relationships, women from seniors' homes consider the quality of their life lower compared to women in the group from the University of the Third Age. Seniors in the age group 80 to 85 years consider the quality of their life higher than those in the age group under 70 years. In the domain close relationships (p = 0.024) childless seniors consider their quality of life worse compared to seniors having children. Those who live in a partner relationship consider their quality of life higher compared those living without partners; a higher quality of life is also considered by widowers/widows compared to respondents without partners, and in respondents living in partner relationships, the quality of life appears to be higher compared to divorced ones.
The use of the results can be in a possibility of increasing the quality of providing seniors with services.

Aim: This study aims to identify the relationship between social support, level of disability of patients and burden of care perceived by caregivers of individuals with multiple sclerosis.
Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with family caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis admitted to the neurology clinic of a university hospital in eastern Turkey. Of the family caregivers of patients with MS, 98 family members participated in the study. The study data were collected using the "Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory (ZCBI)", "Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)" and "Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)".
Results: The mean burden of care score of the family members was 30.67 ± 15.66, and the mean social support score was found to be 54.88 ± 20.02. A negative significant correlation was found between the mean social support and burden of care scores of caregivers (r = -0.38, p < 0.01). Furthermore, a positive correlation between mean burnout scores of caregivers and the loss of ability of the patients was found (r = 0.32, p < 0.01).
Conclusion: The burden of care decreases as the social support perceived by the caregivers increases. The burden of caregivers increases with the increasing disability of the patients.

Addicted persons have a large number of unsolved problems in different areas of their lives. The magnitude of these problems creates external and internal pressure, which is perceived as a motivating factor for the decision of addicted persons to solve their situation. In doing so, we consider the motivation for change and its maintenance as a foundation for entering the healing process and the keeping of abstinence. Motivation of addicted clients is perceived as a part of the "essential treatment-related perceptions" complex. The level of motivation when entering treatment significantly influences the treatment duration, as well as its outcome. This paper provides selected results of conducted research and deals with the extent of problems importance of addicted persons and the whole extent of their motivation while entering the resocialization centre. It presents results of a research conducted on a research set of 138 clients before entering 15 resocialization centres in the Slovak Republic over the course of one year. EuropASI and CMRS standardized questionnaires were used as research tools. The research shows the level of motivation and external circumstances which are crucial for entering and maintaining clients in a resocialization process. Among the identified external circumstances, there is also a high severity of problems in relationship problems in a family system and with people outside a family. This finding points to the legitimacy of social work and its methods and justifies the changes in a system of work with an addicted client towards a systemic work with the whole family.

Introduction: Fruit plays an important role in the prevention of various diseases. Eating fruit in Slovak children is not entirely adequate. Nutrition programs include the possibility of improving children's eating habits.
Study design: Non-randomized controlled trial.
Aim: To create a nutrition education program, implement it and analyze its effectiveness on children's eating habits.
Methodology: The school nutrition program was focused on fruit and fruit intake for health. We assessed the knowledge level of fruit, fruit preference and fruit intake in an intervention and control group. Before the nutrition program children reported their home availability of fruit, and fruit model (parent/teacher/friend as a model of fruit intake). We used Chi-square test, t-test, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Sample: The research enrolled 136 children aged 8-10 years (M = 8.67, SD = 0.55). The school nutrition program has been accomplished in 68 children (intervention group), the control group consisted of 68 children.
Results: We found a higher level of knowledge (p = 0.000) and higher fruit preference (p = 0.001) in the intervention group. The fruit intake in the intervention and control group was similar (M = 7.51 vs. M = 6.74, p = 0.059). There is not a significant effect of the nutrition program on the frequency of eating fruits in children after controlling for the effect of covariate - "fruit availability" [F(1.133) = 3.254, p = 0.074], but the program has a significant effect on the frequency of fruit eating in children after controlling for the covariate - "parent as a fruit model" [F(1.133) = 5.033, p = 0.027] and "teacher as a fruit model" [F(1.133) = 4.071, p = 0.046].
Conclusion: Parents and teachers play an important role in supporting the effectiveness of a nutrition program and the modification of children eating habits.

The issue of HIV/AIDS is on the front burner in the Czech Republic because the number of newly diagnosed cases has been rising dramatically. One of the essential problems is late diagnosis of the disease. Another typical trend is longer life expectancy for those with HIV, including people with HIV who live to retirement age or start a family. HIV/AIDS is considered to be a so-called stigmatizing disease. In this context, there is no scientific evidence of the social impacts of the disease that could serve as a basis for social assistance provided to this target group. This article offers partial results of a qualitative research conducted in 2016. It deals with the phenomenon of stigmatization from the perspective of people living with HIV/AIDS in the Czech Republic, and considers it to be a social consequence of HIV-positivity. Data collection was based on the techniques of an in-depth semi-structured interview, observation, and two focus groups with people living with HIV/AIDS. Data analysis made use of the method of social constructionist grounded theory (described by K. Charmaz) and altogether it comprised 11 testimonies of people living with HIV/AIDS and 2 other relevant persons. The research results (which are framed by Goffman's theory of stigma) proved that stigmatization is a key issue for the respondents and that in their opinion, stigma related to HIV/AIDS significantly affects the lives of HIV-positive people.

The aim of this research was to confirm connections between work characteristics in selected groups of immigrants living in the Czech Republic and their nationality. As a part of the aim, gender differences in working conditions for the selected immigrants were also investigated.
Methods: Research was conducted using the quantitative method of questioning. Data were collected from 1014 immigrants, but due to non-complete answers concerning nationality and gender "only" 994 questionnaires were used, which consisted of Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Russians, Poles and Slovaks.
Results: This research has confirmed the existence of statistically significant differences between the type of work and corresponding working conditions within the selected immigrant groups. Ukrainian respondents are most frequently employed in manual labour, which also corresponds to a higher physical strain, and a noisy and dusty working environment. Respondents of Vietnamese origin most often work in the service sector, which involves a combination of manual and intellectual work. The Polish, Slovak and also Russian respondents are much more frequently engaged in intellectual work, and therefore stated an increased satisfaction with their financial situation. Almost half of the Vietnamese respondents worry about work insecurity. Gender differences are also significant; Slovak men work manually significantly more often than women. Vietnamese, Ukrainian, Slovak and Polish men have a significantly higher income, but also less favourable working conditions than women. On the other hand, women state significantly higher stress at work.

The influx of Hispanic immigrants into rural areas of the United States has created demographic, economic, and social change within communities. Sense of community, a psychological construct that includes membership, influence, fulfilment of needs, and a shared emotional connection between community members, is a vital element in assessing the integration of immigrants into a community. This study used a sequential explanatory mixed methods design to describe and examine sense of community, community participation, and life satisfaction among Hispanic immigrants from two communities in rural Nebraska (N = 180 survey participants; N = 53 focus groups participants). The results indicated that participants felt a sense of community. Sense of community was significantly positively correlated with community participation, r = 0.29, p < 0.01, and life satisfaction, r = 0.31, p < 0.01. Participants identified that being part of the community was more than just sharing a geographic space. It encompassed a feeling of belonging, unity, and acceptance as well as a willingness to help others and participate. Respondents had participated in their communities by volunteering, donating to community organizations, talking to others about community issues, and participating in associations. The vast majority of participants were satisfied with their lives. Using linear regression, sense of community was found to be a significant predictor of both community participation, R2 = 0.37, F(6, 168) = 16.45, p = 0.000, and life satisfaction, R2 = 0.13, F(6, 168) = 4.00, p = 0.001. Implications of improving social well-being among rural Hispanic immigrants in the United States are discussed.

This study deals with research on health literacy undertaken in Germany in recent years. A proper debate started after the results of the EU Health Literacy Survey had been published. The debate in Germany is influenced by American authors, but with a focus on the specific abilities of the patients and features of health literacy.
Studies based on the EU Health Literacy Survey focus on the most threatened groups of citizens and create recommendations in this regard. There are some results which indicate that a more complex approach supporting general knowledge might be more efficient. Nevertheless, the approach which builds on a deep focus on the specific needs of threatened groups still prevails. Official recommendations issued by the Federal Government follow this line to a great extent. A slight change of institutions involved is observed as well.
The development of health literacy in Germany goes hand-in-hand with a general shift of the healthcare system to a more patient-oriented model, which gives more responsibility to individuals. It is clear that health literate citizens are a necessary precondition. Overall, this study shows that a sociological approach is specific for the German discussion. This approach is reflected also, in practical steps undertaken by the Federal Government. As a result of the debate, the National Action Plan of Health Literacy for Germany is analyzed.

The probability of the occurrence of a poor health condition in chronic patients can also be associated with insufficient support from the social environment. Ever increasing body of evidence indicates that this may be an important factor in the resulting health condition (Kaplan, 1996; Bartlová, 2005; Křivohlavý 2001). The support on the part of the social environment was defined in many ways. In certain studies, it is characterized as a count of social contacts maintained by a certain person, i.e. extent of the social network. More recent studies demonstrate requirements for a solidarity and unity with the social communication network and mutual obligatoriness. The social network belongs to important predictors of the life span. Members of the social network include people, who are fond of us, who respect us and who can always be considered reliable.
In our work, we are interested in accepting of and tolerance to chronic patients on the part of students of nursery.
The group included 287 students of the bachelor and master studies in the study programme of nursery.
The questionnaire was administered by direct contacts with respondents and due to this, a 100% rate of return was provided. It consisted of 12 items: 6 closed, 4 semi-open and 2 open. In the second part, we presented to respondents 6 particular situations, which they can encounter within the framework of the common social life. These situations were based on results from a questionnaire presented to 128 patients with psoriasis within the framework of solving our grant projects of the JLF UK and MFN.
The results obtained indicate that the respondents are mostly well informed about the type of the disease. In their surroundings, 78 % students came in contact with the disease; 85 % knew the disease before starting their studies; 37 % were affected by their studies in their view of the disease; 89 % students would not like to deal with dermal diseases in practice and 11% are able to admit their professional orientation in this field, too.

The article is dedicated to the topic of religious belief as preferred characteristic in children in the present Czech Republic. National census shows that the number of worshippers in traditional church decreases progressively and on the other hand more and more people declare themselves as individuals without religious belief.
The aim of the article is to identify the impact of parents' religiosity on preferences of personality in their children and to find which factors influence this relationship. We apply the principle that religious belief is strongly transgenerationally transferred personal property/characteristic. We focus partly on socio-demographic factors, and further on different forms of religiosity, i.e. personal, institutional, traditional and engaged religiosity.
We conducted secondary data analysis, with the dataset being the results from individual investigations (in years 1991, 1999, 2008) of the research European Values Study (EVS) in representative set from the Czech Republic. EVS data are a great tool enabling us to study the above-mentioned topic regarding important factor influencing all the studied problems, which is time.
The results show different rates of intergenerational transfer of religious belief in observed religious groups and churches, its relative stability in time and positive influence of engaged form of religiosity.
On the other hand, contrary to our former assumptions, there is no influence of sociodemographic factors or any other forms of religiosity. Of all studied churches Greek catholics are the most demanding concerning religious belief in their children. Parents preferring religious belief in their children pay less attention to transition ceremonies which are connected to their religious belief.

The paper introduces the reader to the issue of the performance of activities of daily living in patients with peripheral arterial disease. This disease of the lower limbs is the atherothrombotic syndrome, in which there is a progressive narrowing of the arteries of the legs. On the basis of ischemia, tissues of the lower limbs suffer from the lack of oxygen and nutrients, which causes cramps, fatigue, pain, or a sort of contraction in lower limbs, occurring during exercise and at rest disappearing. Manifested symptoms have more or less influence on the performance of daily activities of individuals. The paper presents partial results of the research project "Reflection of the quality of life in nursing", inquired with the financial support of the Internal Agency of the University of South Bohemia. One of the aims of the research was to determine the extent to which citizens diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease are limited in their daily activities. The survey was carried out in the way of a questionnaire, both using standardized and non-standardized questionnaire. The data were collected in the period of April-July 2013. The sample of respondents consisted of 404 patients with peripheral arterial disease. The sample was designed quota sampling - the only determined quota was the age of the respondents. The results were statistically processed in the SASD program. It was found that 43.1% of the respondents have serious problems with walking; the largest group of the respondents in connection with peripheral arterial disease suffers from moderate and heavy pain and discomfort. 28.4% of the respondents reported serious or very serious problems with washing and dressing, 48.8% of the respondents reported moderate and severe problems with carrying out their usual activities. The support of the patient's return to normal life should be reflected in the long-term goal of nursing care, therefore, the impact of the disease on the patient's self-care area can be the basis traced to planning nursing interventions.

Road traffic accidents are a serious problem worldwide. Although the Czech Republic, and also the European Union and the World Health Organization outlay resources to reduce the number of road traffic accidents, in 2015 an average of 1.8 people died daily and 59 people had their life or health affected. The consequences of road traffic accidents primarily affect the direct participants of road traffic accidents and their families. The direct participants of road traffic accidents particularly suffer health consequences. Due to the fact that road traffic accidents lead to a large number of fatal incapacitating injuries, the consequences of these accidents are fundamentally reflected in the social sphere. This concerns job losses and the related financial hardships, loss of amenity and a fatal impact on the functioning of the whole family. We should not forget that the psychological impact of the consequences of road traffic accidents do not only to affect the direct participants, but also their families. The costs associated with road traffic accidents are shouldered by the whole society. Although the Czech Republic provides assistance to the victims of road traffic accidents - financial, medical, or social, other European Union countries give these victims greater possibilities mainly through allowances and social measures. The aim of this study is to analyze the health and social consequences of road traffic accidents. The selected method of data processing was textual analysis of documents.

The goal of the research was to find the way medical employees in acute and later care services perceive the safety of patients at their workplace. The article is focused on partial results associated with personnel issues. The opinions were obtained with the quantitative research method using a standardized questionnaire: the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC) of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The research group consisted of 331 medical employees and did not include doctors. The composite score, which expresses the aspects of a certain phenomenon with a single number, was calculated by averaging all of the positive answers using the methods of the ARHQ. Low values show the possibilities for improvement. The learned values of the composite score in the researched domain of Personnel ensurance were 47.82%, and the anticipations and acts of a superior supporting patient safety was 72.78%. Compared to other studies, these values are equal or slightly higher. However, they do not reach the level presented in referential values of the AHRQ, i.e. 63% and 75%. The assessment of safety enables the managing staff to find out the outline of individual aspects and help to improve safety and the quality of care based on the identification of the problem.

Pregnancy is an important life period, often associated with perceived changes and concerns in the sphere of sexuality. This study evaluates these changes and concerns, as well as the awareness of women concerning their sexuality during the period of pregnancy. The research is designed as a quantitative cross-sectional study. The research sample consisted of 242 pregnant women with a mean age of 28.07 years (± 5.13 years). The received data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a chi-squared test and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The majority of the respondents (66.5%) declared that they had experienced shifts in their sexual and intimate life during the period of pregnancy. Fear and fatigue were found to be the most common causes of decreased sexual activity. Overall, 47.5% of pregnant women were worried about sexual intercourse in pregnancy. Most often they were afraid of preterm labour/miscarriage and causing harm to the foetus. Statistically significant correlations (r = 0.13; p = 0.052) between concerns and the period of pregnancy by trimesters were demonstrated. Despite the fact that most women declared they had had sufficient information about sexuality in pregnancy, we cannot rely on this, as their prevalent source of information was the internet and, moreover, the majority of women had not discussed the issue with health professionals (gynaecologists, midwives). A statistical significance (r = 0.23, p = 0.0001) between the level of awareness and the stage pregnancy by trimesters was demonstrated. With regard to the outcomes of the study, healthcare professionals should pay increased attention to sexuality of pregnant women. It is also desirable to enrich the sources of information on sexuality in pregnancy and, simultaneously, to enhance emotional support of health professionals for pregnant women. Understanding the changes and reducing fears of sexual activity in pregnancy would definitely contribute to the reduction of sexual dysfunction and overall improvement of the women's quality of life during pregnancy.

Aim: The aim of this article is to review literature on the applicability of social work methods in working with malnourished patients and communities. Health problems and social problems always coexist, where one leads to or worsens the other. Most interventions focus on solving either health or social problems at the expense of the other.
Methods: A traditional style of literature review was adopted in writing this article. It involved an online search of articles from databases (1975-2017): E-book Central (e-brary Academic Complete), EBSCO, ProQuest Central, Oxford Journals, Science Direct, Springer Link and Wiley Online Library. Some of the key words used were: 'Undernutrition', 'Overnutrition', 'Casework', 'Group work', 'Community work', and 'Obesity'. The Boolean Operator conjunctive adverb 'AND' was used in widening the search by pairing key words.
Results and conclusion: The three methods of social work, namely casework, group work and community are applicable in working with malnourishment in patients and communities. Their applicability fits very well with UNICEF's conceptual frame of malnutrition.

Background: Pregnancy is a nutritionally vulnerable period. The feto-maternal outcomes of pregnancies can be traced to the maternal antepartum nutritional status. Objectives: The study assessed the knowledge of nutrition in pregnancy, nutritional practices in pregnancy and the outcome of the pregnancy for the mother and child among postpartum mothers. Methods: A descriptive survey research of 54 postpartum mothers attending two Primary Health Centres in Okpanam, Delta State. Data collected with a self-developed questionnaire were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and reported in the form of frequency, percentages and pie chart. Results: 90.7% said pregnant women should eat for two, that is, for themselves and the unborn baby, and 35.2% consumed fewer soft drinks during pregnancy. The knowledge level of 50% and nutritional practice level of 42.9% indicated a low level of knowledge on nutrition in pregnancy as well as a low level of nutritional practice in pregnancy. Also, 66.7% of the postpartum mothers had good pregnancy outcome and about 50% of their babies had good pregnancy outcome. Conclusions: Postpartum women had low nutritional knowledge level and low nutritional practice level in pregnancy. The majority had good maternal outcome but only about half of their babies had a good maternal outcome.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the attitudes of health care and social work students towards knowledge and personal use of CAM. We also studied the students' opinions about the integration of CAM into higher education and health care in Hungary. Comparisons were made between full-time and part-time students. Materials and methods: A total of 725 students (601 health care and 124 social work) took part in a cross-sectional survey using a self-completion questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Social work and part-time students' attitudes were significantly more positive than those of health care and full-time students. The most commonly known CAM practices were massage, relaxation, homeopathy, acupuncture and herbal medicine. The most commonly personally used CAM modalities were massage and herbal medicine. Health care students' knowledge was higher than social work students in homeopathy, acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Part-time students had more knowledge and experience about several CAM practices than full-time students. Most students agreed that CAM should be integrated into higher education and the health care system. Conclusions: Social workers and part-time students are more open towards CAM. The more positive attitudes, higher knowledge and more experience regarding CAM that was found among part-time students cannot be explained by age itself.

The aim of this article is to show the positive effects of physical activities in the prevention of cardiovascular illnesses and the options of nurses and doctors in providing education regarding physical activities. The data were collected using the quantitative research method, which intended to find out the level of education regarding physical activities. We can say that doctors speak with their patients about physical activities more frequently than nurses. Approximately one fifth of doctors always or frequently speak about changes in physical activities and almost one quarter do not speak about it with the patients at all. The frequency of conversations with doctors about the changes in physical activities varies by patients' gender, age, education, marital status, place of residence and employment. 11.4% of nurses always or frequently speak about this topic with patients and two fifths never speak about it. The frequency of conversations with nurses about the changes in physical activities varies by patients' gender, age, education, marital status, place of residence and employment. People assess the influence of doctors more positively. 24.8% of respondents assessed a nurse's influence as very good or good, 51.1% assessed it as average and 24.1% assessed it as bad. The assessment of a nurse's influence regarding changes in physical activities was related to patients' gender, size of residence and employment. The research showed that, although the activities are offered by medical personnel, mostly people between 40 and 59 years do not use this possibility.

Aim: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), as a non-communicable disease, is one of the major causes of death in different countries and imposes a huge health, social and economic burden on society. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on the promotion of CVD preventive behaviors among subjects referred to health centers in Fasa city, Fars province, Iran. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with 200 subjects (100 experimental group and 100 control group) referred to Fasa health centers in 2017-2018. Data were collected using a self-created questionnaire including demographic variables, awareness, HBM constructs and preventive behaviors. It was completed by both groups before the intervention and 3 months after it. Training sessions included 8 sessions held during two months (one session per week) and each session lasted 55-60 minutes. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS 19 and were analyzed using Chi-square test, independent t-test, and descriptive statistical methods. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The age of participants was 50.28 ± 4.76 years in the experimental group and 49.85 ± 4.94 years in the control group (p = 0.265). The mean BMI was 25.13 ± 2.18 in the experimental group and 24.86 ± 2.40 (p = 0.316) in the control group. The mean scores of HBM Model constructs and Performance were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the controls after the intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Results showed the effectiveness of the intervention program and the need to use educational interventions designed to improve the adoption of CVD preventive behaviors.

Introduction: According to the available data, OSAS (Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome) occurs in the fourth decade in 1 to 5% of women in the total population, and over 90% of women with OSAS do not know about their problems. Approximately 15% of obese pregnant females are thought to suffer from SAS. The aim of this work is to explore OSAS incidence in high-risk pregnant women and the association of OSAS with risk factors for pregnancy. Material: 85 women of a group of 480 monitored high-risk pregnant females were examined, and 61 of these were involved in this study. Methods: We statistically evaluated the relation between OSAS and hypertension, obesity, preeclamptic placental changes, low pH values of umbilical cord blood, and low PlGF levels in the group of high-risk pregnant women with AHI < 5 and in the group with AHI ≥ 5. Results: In the monitored group there was a statistical significant coherence between OSAS and gestational diabetes and obesity in high-risk gravid women. Surprisingly, an association with hypertension was not found. From a statistical point of view, evaluations of histomorphological preeclamptic placental changes, low pH values of umbilical cord blood and low PlGF levels was not significant for a small number of respondents with these disorders.

People with schizophrenia experience limited social interaction because of affective, cognitive, and psychomotor alterations. The problem of interaction requires intervention to increase their social interaction. There is a need for a system that can monitor the development of the interactive social abilities of people with schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of mindfulness therapy on the social interaction of people with schizophrenia using a mobile application (SI-DESIS). Fifty-two people with schizophrenia who met the criteria were divided into an intervention group and a control group. The mindfulness therapy was carried out in six sessions for three weeks. Data were collected using pre-test and post-test scores with the Social Interaction Questionnaire and Behavior Observation Sheet. The results showed an increase in the level of social interaction for participants who were given the intervention (U = 12,000, p < 0.05). The rise of social interaction emphasized the stages of mindfulness therapy: the comfort stage and the independently healthy target stage. Mindfulness-based mobile applications are useful to enhance the social interactions of people with schizophrenia.

The competency of nurse teachers and collaboration between nurse educators, nurse leaders and mentors are crucial for achieving high-quality Evidence-Based nursing education. The profession of a nurse teacher is one of public trust and it requires the integration of skills, attitudes, standards, and theoretical knowledge as well as awareness of individual, organisational and social circumstances. The data were collected via email using a structured questionnaire (A Tool for the Evaluation of Requirements of a Nurse Teacher). The respondents' evaluation of the professional competencies and the overall rating correlated with their age. Older age corresponded to higher scores in professional and teaching competencies, in personality factors, and to a higher general ERNT score (p = 0.019). The lowest scores were awarded for teaching competencies - which shows that postgraduate education should be more closely monitored in this respect. The tool for the Evaluation of Requirements of a Nurse Teacher (ERNT) designed for the needs of nurse education can also be implemented in the evaluation of postgraduate education of nurses and midwives.