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Background: Nurses are on the frontline in all health practice settings, including public health. It is important to prepare nursing students with public health care training to give them the confidence to practice in a public health center. This study aimed to examine the effects of integrated public health care training on the self-confidence and competence of nursing students. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was applied using a pre-test and post-test control group design. To collect data, simple random sampling was taken, involving 114 respondents (intervention group: n = 76; control group: n = 38). The data were compared between the two groups using independent t-test. The outcomes measured were self-confidence and competence. Results: The results revealed that integrated public health care training can effectively improve self-confidence and competence among nursing students. Following the intervention, the intervention group had a significantly higher self-confidence and competence score than the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Integrated public health care training can effectively improve self-confidence and competence among nursing students.

Background: The aim of the research was to measure the first aid knowledge, experiences, attitudes and skills of teachers within the framework of an educational experiment. Methods: The target group were teachers working in the primary schools of Baranya County, Hungary. A total of 156 teachers (N = 156) participated in the study, which included a self-constructed questionnaire. 132 of the teachers (n = 132) also attended a first aid training. Statistical analysis was made by descriptive statistics, one/two-paired T-test and ANOVA. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: On average, educators achieved a 78.33% result in the assessment of first aid knowledge, but only 38.15% for their practical skills. Based on the results, there were several injuries occurring in the city (672) and at the lower section (498) during one academic year. Participants achieved significantly better results after education on all topics taught than before (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The level of first-aid knowledge is adequate among teachers, but in many cases, this does not align with their practical skills. However, the large number of school accidents requires competent teachers in care. The educational experiment had a significant positive impact on the knowledge and skills of educators. This justifies the motivation of teachers and their ability to master professional care.

Introduction: The continuous growth of number of people with stoma raises fears about their present and future quality of life. The creation of abdominal anus disturbs to a certain extent the functioning of alimentary tract. Keeping a good state of the nutrition of the stoma patients requires education of the patient as far as the knowledge of absorption and digestion processes in the alimentary tract are concerned. The diet after performing stoma should delivers necessary nutrients and should not cause symptoms like: diarrhoea, flatulence and constipation. The important thing is good toleration of taking nutrients by organism in order that they do not cause unpleasant symptoms. The necessity of solving this problem should be a priority for the whole therapeutic team and especially for the nursing personnel. To a large extent, it depends on the nurse, what kind of information and how it is passed on to the patient so that he can change his lifestyle.
The purpose of the study: The assessment of the educational function of a nurse in nutrition of patients with intestinal stoma and estimation of the respondents' level of knowledge on the rules of nutrition.
Method: The research was carried out in Łódź, in 2008. The research covered 103 patients with intestinal stoma. In this study, the method of diagnostic questionnaire was used - the questionnaire of our own construction was used. The verification of results was obtained by using nonparametric tests and contingency indicators.
Results: In spite of the negative influence of the disease and its treatment on patients, the presented data suggests that most patients feed on reasonably. Among the respondents 75 % introduce new products in their diet gradually observing simultaneously the react of digestive system. Consumption of fruits and vegetables at least one a week was declared by 92 % patients and 57 % intake them every day. Satisfying is also the frequent of applying in the patients' diet fishes (68 %), dairy products (66 %) and products which contain much fibre (72 %). According to the rules of appropriate nutrition the patients intake right amount of liquids. Only some patients - around 25 % - make nutritional mistakes using spicy spices to prepare meals (24 %), drinking sparkling beverages (20 %) and having too fat meals (25 %). The study has shown the essential statistical dependence between education of the patients and their way of nutrition. It was proven that 59,4 % of respondents were informed by a nurse about the rules of the appropriate nutrition. The changes in this field show a growing tendency that is an effect of the education of the patient by a nurse. The study suggests that a larger emphasis should be put on the education of the patients in the field of colostomy irrigation. The patients should be also learn to do colostomy irrigation apart from the appropriate nutrition. Unfortunately only 19 % respondents were trained in this range.

Communication is an important part of team cooperation in an organization and also one of the conditions for setting high-quality processes of individual planning care for clients in social care service. The contribution considers the relationship between three areas of communication, the influence of working environment in the organization and confidence of the staff with the aim to identify closer determinants of particular types of communication. We use the data from questionnaire survey carried out in eight senior homes on the territory of Moravian-Silesian Region. The research set is created by 434 workers of direct care. Different areas of communication are operationalized by items of the questionnaire evaluating mutual change of information among the employees and interaction between the employees and management that are the part of the instrument to find out the rate of individualization of care for clients with dementia ICI (Individualized Care Inventory). Working environment is represented by the concept AWLS (Areas of Work Life Survey), which enables to see different areas of working life with eyes of the employees. As this concept finds out congruence between working environment and the needs of the worker, it is possible via this concept to deduce conclusions in direction to threat the workers by burnout syndrome. The sphere of confidence was followed in four levels: general confidence to people, to co-workers, to management and to clients. The research results show the importance of care for general environment and conditions for workers in the organization which can be purposefully influenced by managers and thus to support communication and team cooperation in the framework of care for clients. Greater attention should be focused on workers in social care service, who compared to other groups of workers of direct care seem to be put aside taking into consideration their suggestion on improving care for clients. This fact is reflected back in minor confidence in management and generally minor satisfaction with the working environment in the organization of this group of employees.

This study explores the skinhead subculture in the Czech Republic, as reflected in the media and in the political, pedagogical, sociological, psychological, and security fields. It presents skinhead subculture on the basis of the Reports on Extremism in the Czech Republic that have been published by the Ministry of the Interior since 1997. It also describes the mechanism by which these reports are formulated and prepared, along with their history and ratification by the government. The main objective of the study is to identify security issues associated with the skinhead subculture in the Czech Republic, and the way it has been evaluated by the Ministry of the Interior in the Ministry's internal documents. On the basis of the content analysis, basic security topics are identified that have been associated with this highly publicized subculture since the 1990s. The research question is: What security issues are associated with the skinhead subculture in the Reports on Extremism in the Czech Republic? The answer is provided via content analysis which is both quantitative and qualitative, and which covers the period from 1997 to 2013.

Chronic pain is one of the priority problems in palliative care. The study objective was the validation of the nursing diagnosis of Chronic Pain (00133) in patients in palliative care. It is a retrospective study. To evaluate the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis, we used the patient-focused clinical diagnostic validity model of Fehring, which uses information obtained directly from patients. We designed a questionnaire-type measurement tool containing 15 defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis of Chronic Pain (00133). The sample included n = 83 patients in palliative care who were treated for pain for at least six months. The defining characteristics were rated by the patients on the Likert-type scale (from 1 - not at all characteristic of me, to 5 - very characteristic of me). After data collection, we calculated weighted scores (WS) for each of the defining characteristics. We used correlation analysis to analyze the relationships between the risk factors. None of the 15 defining characteristics were considered major by the patients. Seven defining characteristics were considered minor: pain (0.68), changes in sleep pattern (0.55), altered ability to continue previous activities (0.54), fatigue (0.52), atrophy of the involved muscle group (0.51), fear of re-injury (0.51), and restlessness (0.50). Eight defining characteristics were discarded by the patients. A statistically significant relationship was found between eight pairs of the minor defining characteristics, p < 0.01. The study results suggest the essential defining characteristics that may help nurses in identifying and defining an accurate nursing diagnosis in clinical practice.

The article's primary goal is to analyse the social support of sex workers in the private sex business, and to find out what its rate is and what factors affect it (age, education, length of practice in the sex business, and its form). The general level of social support is significantly lower for a specific target group than the general population. Quantitative studies in this area are absent in our environment, so the research is innovative. We used the standardized Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire (FSSQ) to collect data on a research group of sex workers in the private sex business (n = 77). We processed the obtained data and determined hypotheses using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 programme at the determined level α = 95%. We used correlations and t-test. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference in social support level regarding sex business types. The length of activity in the sex business has a statistically significant effect on social support. The results did not prove the influence of age and education on social support. Social support is an important topic among sex workers because it can be a significant factor in the case of quitting, or exit programme, violence or human trafficking.

Information about renal disorder is not encouraging for any patient, especially if this is the case of irreversible impairment of the renal function. The author describes principal aspects of health and nursing care, which should be provided by the nurses and physicians in the course of the preparation of the patient for adopting a change of the life style as an unavoidable part of the complex treatment of a dialyzed patient. The author analyzes selected problems of the diet treatment, arrangement of the menu during the treatment by the dialysis, including control of the drinking regimen, control of the body weight, physical performance, working capacity and family and social life of the patient on dialysis. In the conclusion, she analyzes a feature, which is frequently under taboo, concerning the sexual life of patients dependent on dialysis.

Due to the migration, multicultural society is formed. The multicultural approach calls for trans-cultural understanding the society groups and individuals, which means an intersection of cultures. The professional nursing activity, which is focused on taking care of and helping individuals and groups with different cultures assumes knowledge and understanding of different cultures and non-standard conditions, and strengthening of interactions between nurses and individuals with different cultures, which requires mutual understanding, recognition, accepting and cooperation.
The contribution presented here is aimed at members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints colloquially referred to as the "Mormon Church". The members of this church claim to be the only Christian Church authorized by Jesus Christ. The church was established in the USA in 1830. In the Czech Republic, it was recognized in 1990.
One of targets of the research project, which was financed by the Internal Grant Agency of the Czech Ministry of Health, was mapping of specific features of the style of life of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints living in the Czech Republic.
The quantitative research examination was carried out with the help of a questionnaire, which was distributed among individual members of the the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The total number of all the questionnaires issued was of 300. For the data analysis, 161 questionnaires were used, which is a 53.7% rate of returns. In the present contribution, we considered principles of healthy food, consumption of alcohol, tobacco products, sleep and relaxation and physical activity.
The research results demonstrated that the members of the the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints adhere to healthy life style, refuse all the types of narcotic substances (coffee, black or green tea, alcohol and tobacco) and spend their time together with their families, either actively sporting or reading books. They consider their health as a God's gift, which must be protected. The belief in God supports their healthy life style.

Introduction: Prevention is necessary in order to decrease the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Effective intervention is an educational activity in the competence of general nurses. This research was focused on the educational activity regarding cardio prevention (nurse activities during the education of patients with cardiovascular disease).
Aim: To monitor the conditions for realization of the educational process in preventive cardiology used by nurses in the Czech Republic (CR).
Method: A quantitative method using the questionnaire technique of a voluntary standardized guided interview. Data were processed using descriptive statistics and the SASD programme, as well as contingency tables of chosen indicators of the second classification degree. The degree of dependence of selected signs was determined based on chi-squared and t-tests and the independence test. The sample group consisted of 1000 general nurses from surgeries of general practitioners, internists, cardiologists and hospital wards focused on cardiovascular diseases. Nurses were selected by quotas from 14 regions of CR. The questionnaire areas included identification data, data on realization of the educational process aimed at individual risk factors influencing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and effectiveness of the educational process. The tested individuals had the possibility of selecting one or more answers, or they decided on the level of their experience and opinion on a scale of 1-5; the degree of agreement was: absolutely yes, yes, no, certainly no, I cannot say. The frequency was: always, often, sometimes, seldom, never. For the comparison of cardio preventive activity of nurses in selected European countries a survey with a half-structured interview was used through e-mail communication with representatives of nurse sections of professional cardiovascular societies (Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Netherlands, Finland and Switzerland).
Results: Overall the answers received from the questioned individuals were positive, at the same time they vary in terms of the conditions that influence the effectivity of educational activity in cardio prevention. Most nurses (75.2%) employed in surgeries of general practitioners, internal and cardiology clinics lack the education focused on cardio prevention. Nurses in these surgeries (75.3%) state they have an agreement with the physician on who is responsible for conducting the educational activities. In relation to nurse education focused on cardio education this is more frequent (p < 0.05). During their clinics, 60.8% of nurses always or often conduct health education about influential risk factors responsible for cardiovascular diseases. In relation to the education of nurses aimed at cardio prevention this is a much more frequent occurrence (p < 0.01). In 81.0% cases the time of cardio education does not exceed 15 minutes per patient. The absolute majority of nurses (92.3%) educate the patients on how they can improve their health state. Nurses (59.9%) see the time they spend on educating the patients as sufficient. Also, in 77.0% of cases nurses judge their health-educational activity in the area of the heart and blood vessel diseases as sufficient. Also in the cases when nurses are educated in cardio prevention the frequency

From the perspective of modern nursing as a regulated profession, the quality of provided care is evaluated not only with the focus on performance but also on communication skills, which increase this quality as well as the overall saturation efficiency of patient's needs. The application of modern teaching methods in the process of acquiring communication skills is essential in the professional preparation of nurses. This contribution has a cross-sectional quantitative study design based on a questionnaire survey. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the use of teaching methods in the communication preparation of nurses at universities in the Czech and Slovak Republics, including the results of the research carried out. Data collection was performed using an anonymous non-standardised questionnaire survey. The questionnaire items were focused on the use of teaching methods in subjects in nurse - patient communication subjects. The research group consisted of students of the first and second years of the full-time General Nurse bachelor study programme from universities and colleges in the Czech and Slovak Republics, who have completed communication lessons or related subjects. The final amount of processed and applicable questionnaires was 1267 (81.74%) of the total number of questionnaires sent. To process the data, the following statistical methods were used: data exploration analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results confirm the retreat from the concept of "traditional lessons" to lessons where discussion dominates. However, the use of alternative teaching methods, such as role-play, was referred to as occasional by the majority of respondents. By increasing the frequency of using non-traditional teaching methods, there will be a greater acquisition of communication skills and hence a better quality of nursing care overall.

The aim of this research study was to map the factors influencing health literacy in people who are in an unfavourable social situation and who have a right to social benefits, i.e. benefits for persons in material poverty. Health literacy characterizes the attitude to health in each democratic society and is subject to some socioeconomic and demographic variables - age, education, and social status. Health and quality health care are important life aims and rights of citizens. Qualitative research, the question method and the semi-structured interview method were used to gain the research data. The questions were asked with respect to the following key research areas: availability of information on health, health situation and health system; motivation and activities to search for information on health; orientation in the Czech health service system; cognitive and affective abilities to find and understand information on health condition. The research sample consisted of inhabitants of the South Bohemian region who, because of their unfavourable social situation had a right to the social benefit for persons in material poverty. The authors have identified the basic factors that influence health literacy of the research study sample. Health literacy in clients who are endangered by poverty is a current topic in health and social problems according to the acquired data within the qualitative research study. The identified factors closely relate to the social situation of the respondents of the research sample. There is a space for the intervention of social workers, and social workers can systematically cooperate within the concept of higher health literacy of individuals and families.

Immigrants in the Slovak Republic do not belong to the most numerous groups of clients, however, immigrant integration represents an area where there is a need for research studies and suitable measures to streamline that process. The submitted survey study is focused on mapping the studies to identify obstacles in the integration process of immigrants in the Slovak Republic. We describe the results from each area of the integration process that is perceived as integrating immigrants into society. The survey study selectively maps the results of research in the area of employment, housing, education, language and social and health care in relation to the identification of immigrants needs; the fulfilment of which influences the effectiveness of immigrant integration into Slovak society. An analysis of available resources indicates that individual areas of integration policies do not reflect the needs of immigrants. This leads to an increase in barriers at various levels of the integration process, which also affects the effectiveness of integration as a whole. According to the above stated results, the need for a draft of measures relating to the reformulation of the social service delivery system for immigrants, their adequate implementation, and proposals for the institutions competent to provide social services for immigrants is of importance.

This study assesses health literacy of mothers with regard to the health of their children aged 10 or under. It measures the basic factual knowledge component of health literacy. The sample size is 482 ethnic Hungarian mothers living in cities and villages in Transylvania, Romania. The research tool is a standardized online questionnaire. Respondents were asked to answer quiz-like questions, so health literacy scores were assigned to each respondent in all domains as well as a general score. Descriptive results reveal the health literacy in selected domains and population groups, and linear regression identifies the explanatory variables for health literacy disparities. Altogether, the factual knowledge of mothers is in most cases at least acceptable. Linear regression reveals the impact of educational attainment and age when adjusted to covariates. The differences in health literacy associated with social inequalities are revealed with respect to five domains out of six assessed with the online survey. The age of mothers shows positive correlation with their knowledge on child health. The results indicate the necessity of improving maternal health literacy, especially among low educated mothers.

Introduction: Attitudes towards death are influencing factors for burnout, and there are various manifestations and subscales of this attitude (fear of death, death avoidance, neutral acceptance, approach acceptance, escape acceptance). Methods: The study was conducted between March 1, 2018, and February 28, 2019, among staff members of the "National Ambulance Service" and participants in the "National Ambulance Professionals of the Hungarian Chamber of Health Workers". For the study, we used the revised version of the Death-Attitude Profile questionnaire (DAP-R), developed by Wong/Reker/Gesser. Previously there was no Hungarian version, so we completed the translation process. The incoming answers were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 statistical program. Results: The translation process was successful. A total of 669 ambulance workers (emergency doctors, paramedics, ambulance technicians, ambulance nurses, ambulance drivers) participated in the study (male - n = 584, 87.3%, female - n = 83, 12.4%; mean age: 42.40 (SD = 10.41, range = 20-64)). Analyzing our database, the fear of death attitude subscale showed the smallest value (M = 2.77, SD = 1.30), and the neutral acceptance subscale (M = 5.86, SD = 1.22) showed the largest value. Conclusions: The translation of the DAP-R questionnaire conducted in the first part of our study can be used as a referential basis for further studies in Hungary. Comparing our results to other studies in the international literature, fear of death is also present, to a greater extent than expected, but the characteristic attitude is neutral acceptance.

This article deals with the assessment of the level of social exclusion of the Roma families in the Czech Republic in relation to sociodemographic factors and the whether their locality was officially labelled as excluded on the basis of the so-called 'Measures of a General Nature'. For the collection of data, we used the 20-item "Scale of social exclusion", which was created by the National Institute for Education and supplemented with basic sociodemographic questions (education, employment, overcrowded household), which we used as independent comparative factors. The group of respondents included Roma families who ethnically identified themselves as Roma. They were selected using quota sampling in the Czech Republic (N = 156). The essential finding in our research is that the label of exclusion of a locality does not correspond with the perception of its population regarding exclusion. It was proven that their sociodemographic factors were not essential for social exclusion besides a father's education. Items focused on the cultural and economic domain of social exclusion varied in sociodemographic factors. There was not a significant relationship between employment and overcrowded household.

Multiple sclerosis (henceforth "MS") is a medically and socially serious disease, which is not rare and which causes disability depending on the nature of the mobility involvement. It causes a number of medical, psychical and social problems affecting each other, which in their consequences depreciate the quality of the patient life.
The patient, due to his/her health condition, is already not able to live as actively as before. He/she is isolated from the society, unsure, withdrawn, loses friends and family and partner problems can be associated in most cases. These problems are unfortunately quite not unique. The reasons for this social isolation are in the whole society, which is not aware of problems of this disease. This results in certain misunderstandings, distorted and imprecise information concerning this diagnosis. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by its slow and creeping development. The patient frequently does not realize that he/she will suffer from the disease for life.
The psychosocial impact of multiple sclerosis is a consequence of two main factors which affect one another and which cannot be easily differentiated in practice:
* Ability of the person, adjustment to the diagnosis, handicap and MS consequences.
* Extent of the psychological defect caused by the pathological process.
A moderation of the negative psychosocial impact can also be supported by a feeling that the people are not isolated with their disease. This can be provided not only in their family, but also in a "club" of patients - in the Roska Union organization. "Sursum corda" (heart up) is a motto of the Roska Union, which helps the people involved with the multiple sclerosis in the Czech Republic and which also associates them. This is the main volunteer organization, which takes care of and supports individuals with multiple sclerosis. It also does not forget their families, which are supposed to learn living with the patient and dealing with MS similarly as the patient.

The research was aimed at the Chinese minority in the Czech Republic. The project was focused on mapping opinions of Chinese citizens on the quality of health services in the Czech Republic, determining communication capacity of the Chinese minority in health facilities and mapping the attitude of this minority to its health. Three questionnaires were prepared for accumulation of basic data for the solution of these tasks, which were translated into Chinese language. In the first questionnaire, we considered mapping of the attitude and opinions of minorities concerning their health; the second questionnaire was directed to the life style and its aspects. The third questionnaire was supposed to determine opinions of respondents concerning the quality of services granted in the Czech Republic. From the analysis of the data of the first questionnaire it is obvious that members of the Chinese minority take care of their health. Unfortunately, the research demonstrated communication barriers between health professionals and Chinese patients. This extensive research demonstrated that Chinese citizens have no considerable specific features in satisfying their needs but they expect from nurses the same attitude, comparable to that applied to other patients. The results of the research demonstrated that the stay in the Czech Republic did not affect nutritional habits of Chinese people. The respondents answered that they are in good mental and physical condition in spite of the fact that their work was mentally and physically tedious. The results of the research demonstrated high percent proportion of smokers among members of the Chinese minority. The third questionnaire considered the opinions of respondents concerning the quality of services granted in health facilities in the Czech Republic. The data analysis demonstrated that the members of the Chinese minority are satisfied with the care granted and that the healthcare professionals respect cultural differences in members of minorities and their family members. This finding shows that the Chinese minority is assimilated and it was adapted to the Czech culture to such an extent that no culturally differentiated care is necessary. This fact also documents a high quality of the nursing care in the Czech Republic.

Adequate nourishment is an important condition for the growth in the period of adolescence. The structure of meals should correspond to the basic food pyramid and it should be in agreement with recommended nutritional doses for the appropriate age category and gender. The project Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) represents one of the first international cross-sectional studies focused on health of adolescents and behaviour associated with health.
The target of the present contribution is to show certain findings in the field of nutritional habits and behaviour associated with food resulting from the research HBSC, which was implemented in a target group of adolescents aged 11, 13 and 15 years in Slovakia in 2006.
The data were accumulated in school classes by the method of an anonymous standardized questionnaire. The group included 3 882 respondents (46.3% of boys) divided into three age groups: 11 years of age (1 298 respondents) - 13 years of age (1327 respondents) - 15 years of age (1 252 respondents). The research was implemented at primary schools over June in 2006, in cooperation with 36 regional Offices of Public Health in the Slovak Republic.
Within the framework of the analysis, the variables were dichotomized in the same way as in the processing of the international report. Percent data were plotted in graphs and data from the international report (HBSC average) were added for comparison. The statistical significance of gender and age differences was analyzed with the help of the logistic regression and expressed as the odds ratio with an appropriate confidence interval.
Drinking too sweet soft drinks in Slovak children is considerably higher (by 10%) in all the gender and age groups compared with the HBSC average. In boys, there was a considerable increase from 34% in the age group of 11 years to 43% in the group of 15 years.
The occurrence of the overweight and obesity in school-aged children in Slovakia did not exceed 10% and the occurrence found was only one half the HBSC average. In all the age groups, boys were considerably prevalent compared with girls in the occurrence of overweight and obesity.
The occurrence of activities aimed at the weight reaction increased statistically significantly with age in girls with achieving a doubled value in the age group of 15 years compared with 11 years (from 9% to 18%). Girls considered themselves more frequently as fatty compared with boys, the difference being significant in age groups of 13 and 15 years.
The number of respondents, who reported their every-day physical activity, ranged between 51% (boys of 11 and 13 years of age) and 29% (girls of 15 years of age). Compared with the HBSC average, the occurrence was considerably higher in Slovakia in both genders as well as in all the three age groups.

The study presents an outline aimed at mental stress induced by a tedious situation of life - oncological disease - and at possibilities of managing this stress to a certain extent through the mediation of a participation in a self-helping group. It acquaints the reader with the concept of the stress and crisis in general. It offers an outline of different concepts concerning stress with emphasizing the conceptual development of stress, at the beginning of which there were classical biological standpoints by W. B. Cannon, H. H. B. Selye (supplemented by the evolutional psychology viewpoint - H. S. Brachy) and later the transaction theory of stress by R. Lazarus. It describes the crisis as a temporal and dynamic concept and condition. It subsequently presents the Caplan four-phase crisis model according to the emotional equilibrium indicator and five-phase model by M. J. Horowitz according to the nature of experiencing physiological, emotional and behavioural symptoms. It furthermore characterizes the concept and possibilities of social work in oncology and delimits the psychosocial rehabilitation of oncological patients focused on the adaptation to new conditions of functioning and life due to the disease and treatment. Attention is paid to the social support, which is a considerable contribution to the ability of patients to actively cooperate in the therapy. The fact is pointed out that a proportion of oncological patients and their family members perceive the disease as a handicap associated with social isolation and possible problems at the working site. The social support is considered in context of an important form of the psychosocial help - self-helping groups. Main attributes are listed exerting beneficial effects on their members including sharing of experience, relieving of accumulated emotions in supporting and understanding atmosphere, and exchange of information. Characters of self-helping groups according to M. L. Moeller (size, continuity, one's own involvement and symmetry of relationships) are described, the self-helping groups are classified and targets of their activities are specified in general and in relationships to oncological diseases.

The aim of the study was to find out the way Czech nurses utilize the "Treating patients with dignity and respect" activity within NIC Spiritual support intervention (5420) and what activities they consider most important for the patient care at the end of life. We used the quantitative method, a semi structured non standardised questionnaire with 29 sets of questions supplemented with Likert's scale. The questions were created in accordance with the defined activities within Spiritual support intervention. The group of respondents was formed by 468 nurses from oncology, haemato-oncology, hospices, long-term care facilities, geriatrics, homes for the elderly and home care agencies in the Czech Republic. The method used for data processing was the descriptive statistics, the chi-quadrate test with Bonferroni's significance correction and the adjusted residuum analysis, and also Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Within NIC Spiritual support intervention the nurses most commonly referred to the activity of "Treating the patient with dignity and respect" (scale medium 1.23). No dependence on the type of work place (p = 0.626) or on the religious faith of the nurses (p = 0.893) was detected. One third of the nurses considered this activity the most important and 64.5% of the nurses assumed in current Czech nursing practise it is always possible to use it in the final stage of a patient's life.
The results showed that Czech nurses feel the spiritual support in a rather existential dimension, which may be related to the gradual secularization of the Czech society. They paid more attention to the activities supporting the dignity of a patient at the end of life than to activities of religious character.

Patients with indications of amputation experience stressful situations of high intensity as several stressors combine, including particularly the surgical procedure, pain, immobilisation, hospitalisation, and concerns about future. The intensity of the stressful situation can be so high that patients do not have the ability to cope with it. In such situations, the nursing diagnosis "Ineffective Coping" (00069) is given to patients, which requires an intervention. In clinical decision making, nurses should take various predisposing factors into consideration regarding patient care to predict the development of coping. The research objective was to study the effects of gender, age and proactive coping strategies on the effectiveness of coping in patients with lower limb amputation. The research included 50 respondents (25 women and 25 men) with the indicated amputation of a lower limb. We used the NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification) scale - Coping (1302) to assess the effectiveness of coping, and the PCI (Proactive Coping Inventory) to assess proactive coping. The software SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical data analysis. The gender and age do not prove to be statistically significant predictors of coping in patients with lower limb amputation. Three proactive coping strategies are suggested as significant predictors of effective coping (Preventive Coping, Avoidance Coping, and Strategic Planning). Knowing the preferred coping strategies in patients can be beneficial for nurses as it is the main predictor of coping with amputation in patients.

Aim: The application of reliable and valid tools may be helpful to evaluate the effectiveness of the clinical learning environment in nurse education and to enhance international comparison of clinical learning between European countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties (internal consistency and construct validity) of the Slovak version of the Clinical Learning Environment + Teacher (CLES + T) evaluation scale, and to evaluate its usefulness in the context of clinical learning.
Design: A cross-sectional validation study.
Methods: The sample included 503 students from six Slovak universities. The structure of the instrument was computed with principal component analysis. Cronbach's alpha was calculated to measure the internal reliability of the CLES + T scale.
Results: The factor structure of the Slovak version of the CLES + T scale was in line with the original study and other studies in Western European countries. The internal consistency of the Cronbach's alpha values of five subscales of the CLES + T scale was high.
Conclusion: The Slovak version of the CLES + T is a valid and reliable tool that can be useful to assess students' evaluation of the clinical learning environment as well as the impact of clinical supervision methods on the domains of the learning environment.

Aim: Patient self-management is considered one of the preconditions for successful control of chronic conditions (including chronic pain), and health literacy is a relevant factor that can affect patient outcomes. The aim was to conduct a scoping review to synthesize studies within the healthcare context that have dealt with chronic pain in adults and measured literacy, and also to explore what literacy instruments were used.
Methods: After determining clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 electronic databases were searched for relevant articles; additional articles were obtained through reference lists of the obtained articles. Of the 56 records that were screened, 14 were included for data abstraction.
Results: Most (n = 11) obtained studies were quantitative and most were based on a definition of literacy that focused on individuals, i.e. either on their reading level or on their abilities to access, read, understand, appraise, and act on health information. Correspondingly, most (n = 10) instruments measured individual-level characteristics; they did so mainly to examine the relationship between health literacy and various pain-related variables. Most studies were conducted in the USA and Germany.
Conclusions: Chronic pain health literacy is a topic with emerging research. However, most instruments are generic and are oriented mainly towards individuals. Thus, chronic pain-specific instruments should be developed, and the existing instruments should be expanded to include contextual factors as well. Research is urgently needed in non-Western countries, especially given the current and predicted future global trends concerning chronic pain.

Introduction: Stigmatization is considered a multidisciplinary issue which is connected to a number of scientific fields. It is defined as a sign of presumed inferiority for various reasons is seen as a strongly discrediting attribute. The social environment frequently confuses stigmatization with prejudice. A negative aspect is an ingeniously hidden form of this phenomenon, which is influenced by daily routines and whose consequences are reflected especially in the manifestation of racism, sexism or ethnocentrism. Goals: The main goal of this research was to find out the level of the awareness of nurses about stigmatization, map causes and received preventative measures. Methods: We selected the qualitative research method and used the technique of semi-structured interviews. A total of 13 interviews were carried out with nurses between February and April of 2017. The criteria for the selection were three-years of experience in the field and experience with nursing a disabled patient. Results: The statements of individual respondents define stigmatization as the identification of a person with a discrediting attribute. A possible cause is the possibility of an infection, drug addiction, disability or cultural differences - especially Islamic religion. Preventative measures include the elimination of risk factors and the increase of awareness regarding stigmatization. Conclusions: Stigmatization in nursing is directly related to prejudice. The recommendations for clinical practice can include the increase of protective measures, maintaining the barrier nursing care and ensuring sufficient education regarding stigmatization.

Background: Job satisfaction factors that are significant include managers´ concern for people, their style of leadership, and management systems. For these reasons, managerial communication skills should also be an important topic included in hospital lifelong learning courses, with the ultimate goal of increasing job satisfaction. This article presents an evidence-based strategy to engage relevant stakeholders. Methods: To monitor and rate job satisfaction, a quantitative survey inspired by the Gallup questionnaire was used. Furthermore, managers' communication skills were measured by Dewhurst and FitzPatrick's Communication Competencies Model in a quantitative survey conducted during an educational workshop. Both surveys are part of a strategy to engage relevant stakeholders in implementation of evidence-based practice step by step. Results: The results of a job satisfaction survey initiated the decision to support efforts aiming to improve managerial communication competencies. Based on statistical analysis, the findings confirmed the existence of a discrepancy between needs and skills of the managers for all the measured competencies, thus identifying an opportunity for improvement. Conclusions: All findings of the survey demonstrate that communication competencies are important. The model of communication competencies enabled detailed identification of which skills should be developed. The individual steps of continuous improvement correspond with the evidence-based implementation strategy and should lead to improvement of job satisfaction as part of the long-term goal.