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The target of the study presented here was to determine the perception of the nursing behaviour by surgical nurses and patients, to establish relationships between demographic characteristics of nurses and patients and their perception of the nursing behaviour and to provide their comparison.
The sample of the quantitative, descriptive correlation study consisted of two groups - a group of surgical nurses (n = 185) from four hospitals of the Moravian-Silesian Region and a group of patients (n = 279) from the same departments. The data accumulation was implemented between 1. 9. and 30. 11. 2009 with the use of the CBI-24 standardized measurement tool (Wolf et al., 1998).
The CBI-24 questionnaire with four dimensions of items was simultaneously used in nurses and patients and the Liker scale was employed for the evaluation. In general, the nurses expressed their evaluation of the nursing behaviour by higher average degrees compared to patients (Mnurses = 4.15-5.52; Mpatients = 3.93-5.15). They considered the moderation of disease symptoms and patient pain as the most important features of their behaviour. The most important manifestations of taking care of patients were the instrumental skill of nurses (skilful use and management of instruments and devices, management of professional knowledge and skills). Both groups considered as least important the items of Interconnections (spending time with patients and including patients into planning the care). Nurses with the secondary school education evaluated their knowledge and skill by higher degrees compared to those with the university education. Patients hospitalized for longer periods of time evaluated the nursing behaviour of nurses more positively compared to those who experienced short-term hospitalization.
The results of the study demonstrated that there are differences in the perception of the nursing behaviour between nurses and patients. The comparison of opinions of patients and nurses is of importance as a feedback for the caregiver and for the patient-oriented development of the nursing care.

Cytokines are pleiotropeous molecules and perform decisive roles in starting of immune reaction, haematopoiesis processes, neurogenesis etc. Interleucines, growth factors, factors of tumour necrosis and interferons belong among known cytokines. Literary sources document that interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the factor of tumour necrosis α (TNF-α) are closely connected and play role at inflammation as well as pain. At present the low - efficient laser therapy is a wide - spread and effective physiotherapy method widely used during rehabilitation of patients with problems of movement. The basic idea of the experiment has been the assessment of changes of concentration of cytokines in the blood serum after laser therapy. We do not know that there would be a thesis concerning changes of concentration of cytokines in the ill with the diagnosis of vertebrogenic algic syndrome (VAS) and the application of a low - efficient laser. 28 probands divided into 3 groups (the first group was treated by laser, the second one - "placebo laser" and the third one was a control one) have been assessed because of changes of the mentioned cytokines and the values of C-reactive protein, rheumatological factor and iron in protoplasm. We have found out that the therapeutic laser influences neither the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in blood serum of patients with VAS nor the values of C-reactive protein, rheumatological factor and iron.

Aim: The use of non-pharmacological techniques for pain relief is increasing among nursing students, because pain is a significant problem that affects the quality of life and everyday activities. The aim of this study was to examine the types of pain experienced by nursing students and the non-pharmacological methods they used to relieve them in Eastern Turkey.
Methods: A descriptive survey design was used. This study was carried out in the nursing department of Atatürk University in Erzurum, Turkey. The sampling consisted of 388 students who agreed to participate in the research in the 2010-2011 academic spring term. The data was collected using a questionnaire, which included the demographics of nursing students, questions regarding the types of pain experienced by the students, and the non-pharmacological methods they used in pain control.
Results: Of the 388 students surveyed, 92% experienced pain and 69.1% experienced mostly gastrointestinal symptoms. The types of pain experienced by the students were back and waist (59.3%), throat (45.6%), dysmenorrhoea (44.6%), toothache (41%), neck (33.5%), and tension headaches (33%). The non-pharmacological methods most frequently used were heat application, resting in a dark room, massage, drinking hot herbal beverages, and cold application.
Conclusion: Our conclusion is that students frequently use non-pharmacological interventions. Therefore the nursing education curriculum should include updated information about the use of non-pharmacological interventions and their usefulness.

In recent times, the training of social workers in the Czech Republic has undergone extensive changes. From a content perspective, the authors have prepared a comprehensive overview of the legislation of the issue of training social workers in the Czech Republic, wherein mandatory training of employees is reflected in the activities of officials of both state administration and local authorities, whilst taking into consideration the specifics of the field of social work. This article is based on doctrinal analysis of the legal regulation in relation to defining terms such as social services, and of the authorities supporting the social and legal protection of children and their compulsory training. The subject of the doctrinal investigation is, in particular, the obligations established for employers and employees in social work regarding compulsory training in the social sphere. This article goes beyond the doctrinal analysis and evaluates qualitative interview research. The doctrinal legal analysis reveals that the newly adapted training concept builds on the extensive legislation associated with the preparation of Civil Code No. 89/2012 Coll., as amended, and its related legal regulations, which fundamentally affect all areas of social services, including an increased demand on the expertise of officials. The regulation of compulsory training has also become one of the important areas for evaluating social services standards. The application of the new legislation in specific conditions is monitored from an employer's perspective, and from the perspective of the employees, but also in terms of the professional umbrella organization - the Association of Workers in the Authorities for the Social and Legal Protection of Children (OSPOD).

Hepatic pancreatic biliary diseases are very common in gastroenterology. The issue of implementing the standardized terminology of the Omaha system in the Czech Republic has not been studied so far.
The goal of the study was to identify the problems, interventions and the results of clients with a chosen gastroenterology problem according to the Omaha system in clinical nursing practice. The study used the quantitative method of documentation forms of the Omaha system with the author's permission. The studied sample group was composed of 23 clients who had a hepatic pancreatic biliary disease.
The number of documented difficulties according to the Problem Classification Scheme was from 3 to 10, where 10% covered the environmental domain, 20% covered the psychological domain, 40% covered the physiological domain and 30% covered the domain of health-related behaviour. In total, there were 274 interventions. The average number of interventions was 11.9 per client. While mapping the interconnections of problems and interventions, most interventions occurred in the category of treatments and procedures (35.4%) and surveillance (31.8%). A very low number of interventions occurred in the category of teaching, guidance, and counseling (18.2%), and case management (14.6%). The intervention in treatments and procedures category dominated in pain problem (35.5%), digestion - hydration (45.3%), skin (93.8%) and circulation (62.9%). Case management was used in substance use (50%) and nutrition (31.7%). After comparing the initial results to the final results, there was significant improvement in the knowledge and status regarding individual problems.
The results of the study present the pilot experience with the implementation of the Omaha system in a selected group of clients. The most common problems of clients with hepatic pancreatic biliary disease were in the physiological domain and the health-related behaviour domain according to the Problem Classification Scheme of the Omaha system. More frequently, the problems were associated with the interventions in the treatments and procedures and surveillance categories. The interventions were less frequent in teaching, guidance, and counseling and case management. Using a Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes, an improvement in knowledge and status in individual problems was found. For future studies, we recommend verifying the components of the Omaha system using a larger number of respondents.

The article examines a topical issue: the prevention of crime committed in the Czech Republic against senior citizens. It aims to describe: (1) how aware senior citizens are of the options available to prevent crime; (2) from what sources they obtained this information; and (3) how sufficient they judge this information to be. A semi-structured questionnaire was distributed in October 2016 among those attending the University of the Third Age at Masaryk University in Brno. A total of 92 forms were returned, the analysis of which showed that most respondents had encountered information about crime against senior citizens, and that the bulk of this information was obtained from the media and from peers (friends etc.). The information was concerned with particular types of crime against senior citizens and tended not to involve prevention, i.e. how senior citizens might act to avoid crime. Respondents viewed the information as insufficient, with specific advice on preventive behaviour noticeably absent. On the basis of these findings the authors propose that prevention measures should be designed to cater for the specific characteristics of the various groups of senior citizens.

This article presents the results of the project: "Social determinants of health and their impact on the health of immigrants living in the Czech Republic". During the project, quantitative data were collected in 2013 and 2014 from 994 immigrant respondents from Ukraine, Vietnam, Russia, Poland, and Slovakia living in the Czech Republic. Data interpretation relied on the theory of social determinants of health. The key areas of integration were analysed using SWOT analysis with recommendations drafted for overcoming the identified barriers to integration, not only with respect to the selected nationalities, but also with regard to common characteristics. Our research suggests that integration of the selected groups of immigrants was affected by three basic aspects, specifically: active participation in the labour market, degree of fluency in Czech language (both spoken and written), and social support as prevention of social exclusion. These aspects coincide with the current priorities of integration in the Czech Republic. The research results and the SWOT analysis served as the basis for formulating recommendations aimed at improving the immigrant integration process within the Czech Republic, i.e. increase fluency in Czech language for immigrants, matching of previously acquired qualifications with jobs in the Czech labour market, improvement of working conditions for foreign nationals, better preparedness of employment offices to deal with foreign nationals; personal assistance in cooperation with employers, effective participation of successful foreigners within the integration process, training for government agency employees in dealing with foreign nationals, and increased understanding of integration and intercultural empathy issues.

Act No. 108/2006 Coll., on Social Services, brought a number of conceptual changes. The main aim of this paper is to compare the quality of social services in terms of user satisfaction in relation to the provider, and to find out whether these facilities are comparable in providing social services, whether they meet the needs of the target group of seniors and whether the seniors are satisfied with the service. A field survey was performed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The sample of respondents (n = 108) was composed of seniors using residential social services for the elderly provided by both public and private entities. The questioning was conducted through structured interviews, taking into account the specificities of the questioning of the elderly. The qualitative survey was carried out using a semi-standardized interview with statutory representatives of homes for the elderly, family members and representatives of the founders of public organizations. More than three quarters of respondents rated the social service provided to them very positively. In the field of technical security, it was the non-state facility which received the better evaluation. Furthermore, the investigation conducted with statutory representatives of the organizations has provided valuable information on the funding of social services. The current funding method does not allow longer-term planning of organizational development, investment, and personnel policy. Finally, recommendations for practice are mentioned.

Crime with an extremist subtext is a constantly discussed topic, both in professional circles and among the public, because the radicalization, professionalization and internationalism of extremists represent an everyday security threat. Today, this issue is becoming even more topical because extremism is very closely associated with terrorism, which in recent years has been increasing, especially in Europe. From an internal view, extremism is closely related to the issue of socially excluded localities, which is an area that deserves special attention. During the post-revolutionary era, when the borders opened and the space for the pluralism of opinions was created, there was a sharp rise in extremism. At present, while a successful or less successful struggle with illegal migration occurs in Europe, we can assume that it will be a breeding ground for extremism. In recent years, there have been a number of preventative activities in the Czech Republic which should positively affect crimes related to extremism. The purpose of this article is to try to use the analysis of the available statistical criminal data to find out whether the Czech Republic is successful in fighting against this phenomenon. Attention will also be paid to the extremist behaviour of the younger generations, as young people are more inclined towards this kind of criminal activity.

This descriptive study aimed to identify individuals' health literacy level and their knowledge and practices with respect to rational drug use. The study was conducted with 405 individuals aged 18 and above who applied to a hospital. Data were collected by using an introductory information form and the Adult Health Literacy Scale (AHLS). Data were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney U test for comparing two groups and the Kruskal-Wallis H test for comparing the mean total scale scores of more than two groups. We found that participants' average age was 34.25 ± 14.8; 55.5% of them were female; 50.5% had university education or higher; 51% were married. Their mean AHLS score was 14.03 ± 4.32 over 23. Our study found that individuals that used non-prescribed drugs had a lower mean AHLS score (12.16 ± 4.00), and the individuals that read the drug prospectus (p = 0.000) and expiry date (p = 0.000) had higher mean AHLS scores. For those who changed the drug dose prescribed by a doctor (p = 0.001) and those who stopped medication when the disease symptoms were gone (p = 0.031), the mean AHLS scores were lower at a statistically significant level. We found that participants had a moderate level health literacy and there was a negatively significant relation between age and health literacy scores. The study results indicated that there was a significant relation between their knowledge and practices with respect to rational drug use and health literacy level. Our suggestion is to assess individuals' health literacy and to plan initiatives for increasing their awareness regarding rational drug use and health literacy.

The aim was to explore the health literacy of undergraduate health profession students enrolled at the only university based on the Island of Tasmania and compare this with students enrolled at other universities on the main island of Australia. The data was collected as a part of a larger international survey of tertiary health profession students. Capture of baseline evidence about levels of health literacy was to provide direction for how and when to incorporate core and specialised health literacy content into the health profession curriculum to promote work-readiness.
This study was a cross-sectional descriptive online survey using a previously validated tool known as the Health Literacy Questionnaire. Variables influence health literacy status of students across Australia, including age, course enrolled in, and language spoken at home. In addition, health status, socio-economic status, and level of parental education influenced health literacy amongst students in Tasmania. These findings were relatively consistent with previous findings of other studies in Australia and other countries reporting health literacy status of health profession students.
There is a need to integrate health literacy early in the curriculum of all health courses offered at the University of Tasmania. Medical students consistently demonstrated higher levels of health literacy compared with other health profession students. However, all health students reported health literacy deficiencies. Curriculum design needs to consider the nature of the student cohort with essential foundation modules embedded into the first year of health courses. Specialised modules addressing discipline-specific information also need to be integrated throughout each health profession curriculum.

Aim: The study explored Traditional Birth Attendants' (TBAs') perceptions of labour pain management experiences from parturients care in the Ogbia Local Government Area, Bayelsa State Nigeria. Methods: The study adopted a phenomenological-hermeneutics research design. Using the purposive and snowball sampling techniques, 13 TBAs were recruited for this study. The data collection strategy was in-depth face-to-face interviews. Results: Three major themes emerged: (1) TBAs' beliefs and attitude to labour pain, (2) TBAs' experiences of pain management during labour and (3) remedies provided to relieve labour pain and support to speed up childbirth. Conclusions: Pain is a natural phenomenon but expressed differently from one parturient to another. TBAs' perception of labour pain is an indicator of how TBAs interpret and manage labour pain expressed by parturients. TBAs management approaches are more effective with the use of locally available remedies in form of herbs aimed at speeding up the delivery process.

Introduction: Digital health interventions have the potential to improve access to educational programmes. In digital health research, mixed-methods approaches are effective as they illuminate problems from multiple perspectives. Aim: The aim of this scoping review was to examine the extent of mixed-methods research on the use of digital technologies in diabetes education for patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We identified 10 relevant articles through a search in the PubMed, EBSCO and ScienceDirect electronic databases using the following terms: "type 2 diabetes AND (internet OR web based) AND education AND mixed method", and "type 2 diabetes AND diabetes self-management education AND (web-based OR internet OR technology assisted education) AND mixed method", and "diabetes mellitus, type 2 [MeSH Terms] AND internet [MeSH Terms] AND education [MeSH Terms] AND mixed method". Results: The most frequently used qualitative method was an in-depth interview combined with a quantitative data survey. The most frequently used intervention was the use of websites. Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of diabetes and considerable increase in the use of new technologies, we identified only a small number of studies. Future studies should focus more on participants' experiences and on factors encouraging patients to participate in such educational programmes, as well as on identifying the most effective online educational tools. Studies should also use larger samples.

Multiple sclerosis is a very serious disease with continuously increasing occurrence. It can invalidize a lot of patients in young age already; however, the prognosis of this disease has been changing for the better significantly in recent years thanks to the treatment possibilities. The disease interferes in the whole life of the affected individuals. They have problems with finding and keeping job, the disease makes any fulfillment impossible to a lot of patients. Besides health problems, it becomes a serious proof of human relations.

Taking care of a child and his/her development and study and treatment of children diseases are areas attracting the attention of physicians and nurses for centuries. This care was formerly implemented together with taking care of adults. Much later, at the break of the 19th century, it was detached, thus giving a chance to establish a new branch - paediatrics. Its development was also associated with a development of paediatric nursing. Growing requirements of the professional public focused on the prevention requirements of takers of the care and developing technical possibilities stepwise called for necessary education of the quality nursing personnel, which could be able to adhere to these needs and requirements. The profession of the paediatric nurse was thus formed, which stepwise started to act under field conditions in addition to the work at hospital and outpatient departments. As soon as since that time, it was possible to observe the origination of the development of the community care. Due to latter events, the community care was, however, reduced or nearly suppressed. By action of social, economic and political changes, the interest in this field is also currently being increased. The target of the contribution presented here is to show problems of the possibility of the development of taking community care of children in the Czech Republic. The subject of the research examination was mapping opinions of the lay and professional public concerning possibilities of the implementation of the work of nurses in taking the community care of children. For the data accumulation, a quantitative research was used based on the technique of the questionnaire examination. Within the framework of this field, in all the target groups (physicians, nurses and citizens), a question was considered whether the community nurses can be useful in taking care of children, which areas of their independent care for children are concerned and what activities should she performed in the case of taking care of school children. The research group included physicians, nurses and citizens. The contribution originated as a part of Grant NS 9608-3 "Incorporation of nurses into the community care of the Czech health care system compared with the situation in EU countries".

The state-contributory supplementary pension insurance is a popular product in the Czech Republic. According to the Association of Pension Funds of the Czech Republic, as at 31 December 2012 ca. there were 5.15 million registered participants in pension funds (as at 31 December 2011 it was ca. 4.60 million of participants) who had deposited ca. CZK 246.594 billion (as at 31 December 2011 it was ca. CZK 232.052 billion). Pension funds have been showing stable management, however, at the cost of low income. Since its reform was enforced by the government in 2013, supplementary pension insurance has remained a part of the pension scheme. It has become a so called "Pillar III" and the law describes it as supplementary pension savings. The Amendment to the State-Contributory Supplementary Pension Insurance Act, whose target is to reinforce the role of supplementary pension insurance in the creation of total savings for retirement age contains a number of positive elements. The question is whether the amendment will actually meet expectations, i.e. to make the supplementary pension insurance a functional "Pillar III" of the pension scheme as the state-contributory supplementary pension insurance does not fulfil its primary function yet and de facto it is not even capable of competing with life-cycle mutual funds or with other substitutes offered on the financial market without being significantly supported by the state.

The authors describe the method of payment for health care in the Czech Republic. Special attention is paid to the public health insurance system and its basic principles. The regulatory fees, which were introduced in the Czech Republic on 01/01/2008 are described in detail. Not only their economic function has been emphasized, but also other aspects of the reform, especially the protective limit, whose introduction ensures the availability of care for the chronically ill and socially disadvantaged patients. The authors follow the evolution of the price of all regulatory fees paid by all of the insured individuals of health insurance companies in the Czech Republic for the period 2008-2012 and the development of the amounts by which the protective limit was exceeded. A comparison of patients' participation was carried out in selected European Union countries, where the system has been in place for many years, together with other protective mechanisms in order to provide health care for patients in need.

The topic of cooperation during critical situations is highly topical both on the Czech and international levels. Professional discourse on climate change as a precursor of major floods and devastating earthquakes, or growing fears of terrorist attacks is becoming more common. As the frequency of these situations grows, there is also a growing need for their comprehensive and effective management. The submitted paper aims to map the area of cooperation of social workers working for non-governmental non-profit organisations with the Integrated Rescue System staff in critical incident situations. The goal was achieved through qualitative research using structured interviews with open questions. The main output is the finding that there is a lack of adequate legislation defining cooperation between the concerned entities. Thus, cooperation is only dealt with on the basis of mutual contracts, agreements, and standards. The research findings also point to the shortcomings that occur in the context of mutual cooperation. By overcoming defined barriers of cooperation, the system of cooperation of social workers employed by non-governmental non-profit organisations and the Integrated Rescue System workers in critical situations can be made more effective.

This article deals with the volunteering of people with disability. Currently, this issue is becoming of interest to both the expert and non-expert population. The introduction focuses on the clarification of the research and points out the studies that deal with this issue. The crucial part of this article is in the results of the research that was carried out as the author's dissertation. The goal was to clarify what factors affect the participation of people with disability in volunteering from the point of view of volunteers with disability. We chose the method of Strauss and Corbin's Grounded Theory. We used it to analyze 25 interviews with volunteers with disability. The interview analysis showed that five main factors affected the participation of people of disability in volunteering. The first factor included the advantages of volunteering for volunteers, the second were barriers from volunteers, organizations, the third included the presence or absence of a social role, the fourth was social unfulfilment and the fifth was activation. The final phase of the analysis showed that the main issue for volunteers with disability was the lack of social fulfilment (which is based on the presence or absence of a specific social role), which is significant for a volunteer with disability. Specific roles include the role of a parent, an employee, a partner or a fully-functioning member of the society. The results in the concluding discussion are compared with Wolfensberger's Social Role Valorization Theory.

The article acquaints the reader with results of research examination focused on the evaluation of the nursing care quality in the Hospital České Budějovice based on selected indicators. The main intention of the research was to identify the considered indicators of the nursing care quality and subject them to evaluation. The research work was implemented between January 2007 and March 2008 with the use of a quantitative method. It included three audits of the nursing care - Hand washing, Keeping of nursing documentation and Catering of patients. At a further stage of the research, questionnaire examination of the satisfaction of patients with the care provided and satisfaction of nurses with occupational conditions was implemented.
The accumulated data from the audit were processed with the help of the Microsoft Office Excel program. The SPSS 15.0 program was employed to process the data from the questionnaire examination.
The results of the audit were of 92 % for Hand washing, 93 % for Catering of patients and 86 % for Keeping the nursing documentation. The questionnaire examination of the satisfaction of patients with the care provided revealed a high level of the satisfaction of patients with the nursing care (4,64), with behaviour and attitude of nurses (4,57) and cleanness and order at the department (4,49). The lowest degree of the evaluation by the patients was achieved in the case of the food quality (3,64) and satisfaction with the education granted by nurses giving medicines (4,12). In the evaluation of the satisfaction of nurses with occupational conditions, they were most satisfied with the possibility of taking advantage of professional knowledge and skill in the performance of the profession (4,71), with the work of the ward sister (4,44) and they also expressed a high level of satisfaction with the working collective (4,44). There was the lowest satisfaction of the nurses with the financial appraisal (2,14). Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the management of the hospital provides its employees with quality occupational conditions, particularly in the field of the lifelong education and operational conditions.

The article acquaints the reader with results of the project "Health condition of immigrants at a selected locality in the Czech Republic - A Pilot Study" which was implemented from May to December 2008. The scope of the research was searching for a relationship between the social situation and health condition of immigrants at a selected locality in the Czech Republic with the help of ten Social Determinants of Health. The article presents results of three themes: dependence, nourishment and transport.
The project was implemented by a qualitative method, by using the technique of a structured interview with open questions. It was performed in the South-Bohemian Region. Through the mediation of contact persons, 15 respondents of Ukrainian and Russian nationality were addressed, who live in the Czech Republic based on authorized long-term or permanent stay. The results of the research demonstrated a number of risk factors, which are associated with the social situation of immigrants and can negatively affect their health condition. The immigrants included in the research group exerted a moderate consumption of alcohol (73.4%). The respondents were not at a risk of insufficient intake of food. Seven respondents (46.7%) took higher than recommended energy intake and none of them suffered from underweight. The most frequent infectious diseases in the respondents were type A viral hepatitis (3x) and gonococcal infection (2x). The transport and working mobility of respondents was sufficient.

The intervention Dying Care from the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) includes six activities to support family members. The aim of the study was to find out if nurses perform these activities, and whether they consider their introduction into contemporary nursing practice in the Czech Republic to be feasible. We used a quantitative approach in which we carried out a cross-sectional study, which incorporated a non-standardised structured questionnaire with two Likert scales. The 468 participants in the study were nurses from hospices, oncology departments, geriatric departments, long-term care facilities, homes for the elderly and home care agencies.
The results showed that the nurses most often employ the activity Support the family's efforts to remain at the bedside (scale average 1.72) and Facilitate obtaining spiritual support for patient and family (scale average 2.06). The nurses also consider the introduction of these two activities into contemporary nursing practice to be feasible. One fifth of the nurses stated they always use the activity Include the family in care decisions and activities, as desired (scale average 2.38) and Encourage patient and family to share feelings about death (scale average 2.51). All the above mentioned activities were most frequently used by nurses in hospices.
The results suggest that the importance of these activities is recognised by nurses across settings. However, they see the actual feasibility differently. This confirms the need to include family support in care for the dying even in the settings which primarily do not provide specialised palliative care.

Aim: The "choking game" (CG) is an activity in which self-strangulation, strangulation by others, or hyperventilation followed by applied pressure to the neck or chest is used in order to restrict oxygen flow to the brain and induce a brief euphoric state. Typically, the CG is engaged in by adolescents; it can cause serious injury and even death. The aim was to ascertain whether there are any scholarly publications on the CG in the Czech Republic (CR) and whether Czech adolescents engage in the CG, based on a search of sources available online.
Methods: Nine online databases/search engines were accessed to identify scholarly publications on the CG in the CR, using English and Czech key words as well as the slang word "holotrop". Next, a Google and YouTube search was conducted to identify non-scholarly sources. The obtained sources were systematized for qualitative analysis.
Results: Seven Czech scholarly publications have mentioned "self-strangulation", a practice sometimes used to cope with distressing emotions. Three books have described "holotropic states" (and/or "holotropic breath work"), which are concepts and activities not identical to the CG. The Google and YouTube search identified a plethora of Czech blogs and videos on "holotrop", i.e. the CG. The CG has been practiced in various settings; the motives include entertainment, peer pressure, curiosity, and a desire to overcome boredom. The bloggers have experienced or observed diverse CG effects; their opinions on the activity vary.
Conclusions: We hypothesize that because young Czechs use slang ("holotrop") when discussing the activity, the magnitude of the problem in the CR has remained unrecognized. Research is urgently needed to examine this phenomenon. Czech nurses should be involved in this process.

The goal was to write a review article which would summarize the conclusions of empirical studies on the effectiveness of preventive programs established in hospitals over the last 5 years.
Incorporated research studies were found by using seven electronic databases on nursing and related health professional research (full text databases: Cinahl, Ebsco, Nursing Ovid, ProQuest STM+ Hospital Collection - Medline, Science Direct and citation databases PubMed and Scopus) entering keywords: accidental falls, effectiveness, fall prevention programs, institution. Other search criteria were: full text, reviewed publications, English language, human subject (human) and research results published within the last 5 years (namely 2011-2016).
Twelve research studies meeting the required criteria were incorporated in the final review. The most often mentioned intervention strategy was the education of patients and staff. Whether the programs, which were focused on educational influence, are effective depends on areas involving the so called "soft-factors", i.e. compliance, leadership, and proper team training, along with information technology support, both with staff and - in certain fields - patients.
Curriculums of the currently preferred multifaceted intervention program involve education. The focus and course of the education process should correspond with the information from the field of fall prevention, gained by evidence-based nursing, and respect the individual assessment of each patient, as is stated by most authors of related research studies.

For human health, childhood has an essential function, thus it is necessary that children live in convenient and safe conditions. One of these is the level of health literacy of their mothers. The aim of the research was to specify (and supplement) the content of health literacy of mothers in the first year of motherhood with experts' experience and opinions. Research sample and methods: The data were collected in non-structured interviews with experts (n = 12) from the fields of medicine, nursing, social work, education, sociology and andragogy. The data were analysed and described based on thematic interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). In the interpretative frame (map) of the expert concept of health literacy, specified as the key context are the phenomena of "Love, Relationships, and Interest", which are mentioned in some way by all the experts. The following six thematic satiated phenomena were determined: (1) start at school, (2) lack of family experience, (3) mother is all right, (4) know where to go for help, (5) mother as the doctor's partner, (6) watch out for extremes.
The foundations of the context of mothers' health literacy are relationships: the mother's love of the child, her interest in the child, and a loving father. These relationships support the psychological welfare of the mother.

Introduction: Internal migration has become an increasingly important socioeconomic phenomenon in Ethiopia as the country has been passing through new economic and social order since the year 1991. This study was primarily aimed at examining the gender differentials in migration decisions based on data collected from a town in Southern Ethiopia. Methods: The study used data collected from 216 randomly selected households from three sub-cities of Dilla Town. Both bivariate (chi-square) and multivariate analysis (logistic regression) were used to examine the gender differentials in migration decisions. Results: The analysis showed the importance of gender differences in migration decisions; that migration is gender and age selective (p < 0.05). More females than males make planned migration decisions (p < 0.001). While males migrate mainly due to economic issues, females tend to migrate more due to familial issues (p < 0.001). More females opt to migrate for education while more males move for business. Female migrants appeared to have more positive impacts on their households at the place of origin through remittance. In the multivariate analysis, three factors appeared to have significant association with frequency of remittance (p < 0.05): regular communication, employment status and income. Conclusions: The intention and decision of male and female migrants differs significantly; females tend to make a more planned migration involving household decision. The study suggests the need for in-depth investigation of the positive impacts of migration sex-age selective migration on the place of origin.

Unlike the international practice, knowledge of parents about child development has not been studied in Hungary and researches have not been aimed at examining the sources of parental knowledge. Therefore, the aim of our research was to measure parental knowledge about their children's level of development according to development areas and to gather information about the sources of parental knowledge. There was an opportunity to examine the adequacy of parental assessment by comparing parent and health visitor (professional) opinions about the development level of children. The cross-sectional, descriptive study was realized in Budapest and in five further counties. The research showed that parents acquire information primarily through health visitors in connection with the children's development, and in the case of the perception of certain developmental problems parents ask health visitors first. It also seemed to verify that the frequency of delay in development in the field of speech and cognitive development increases with the age of children, and these two development areas showed the greatest discrepancy between the parental assessment and the developmental standards represented by health visitors.

The human society as whole derives the position of its particular members within its own structures depending on their potential contributions and opportunities. These potential contributions and opportunities are particularly achieved by education.
The target of the work was to find whether the measure of the qualification (education) and potential opportunities of individuals with handicapped sight are directly proportional to the measure of the positivity which exerts the society in its attitude to these individuals, and whether the potential contribution and opportunity can be one of ways in individuals with handicapped sight making them possible to achieve a positively considered position in structures of the society.
Positive effects of the qualification and occupational opportunities on the quality of life of individuals with sight handicaps are conclusively considered.
Of course, the human society considers the requirements for education as obvious facts and thus, it seems to loss its general validity.
A similar obviousness is then in a general social consideration of the negativity of the life reality of individuals with sight handicaps. Long living with permanent irreparable damage to the sight is of course negative.
The fact is also obvious that this negative situation is very non-standard, which leads to a frequently occurring concept that the generally recognized human knowledge is not applicable to the members of this group.