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During its more than a hundred and twenty-year history, the German organization "Evangelisches Jugend- und Fürsorgewerk" has always devoted its Christian support to people in need. Today, its activities focus mainly on the area of inclusive nursery education, comprehensive assistance to children and youth in need, assistance to adults with disabilities, housing and related services for the elderly, and counselling for different target groups. In recent years, it has been a major contributor to the migration crisis management in Germany, particularly in Berlin. The theological and philosophical basis of all its activities is the love for God, manifested as a love for a particular suffering person. The activeness of the organization derives from the well-known Protestant work ethic. In German society, it advocates a position that grants legal and legally living immigrants the right to freely decide on the possibility of retaining the most diverse ties to their original communities. For the various phases of the integration of immigrants into a free democratic society, the organization is developing a number of diverse projects. Part of this paper is a brief description of good practice examples. The first, indicative phase, deals with the Georg-Kriedte-Haus project, which provides accommodation and the necessary stabilization for immigrants. The orientation phase is represented by the Deutsch-Arabisches Zentrum für Bildung und Integration a counselling and education facility. The Familienzentrum Bisamkiez, located in a panel housing estate in Potsdam, inhabited by several dozen people of different nationalities, best points out the wide range of activities characteristic of the third, integration phase. The aim of this contribution is to motivate university students in the humanity study programmes to gain personal experience from abroad for the future effective solution of immigration problems in the Czech Republic.

Needle fixation describes the state in which drug users derive satisfaction from using needles, regardless of the substance applied via the needle. The phenomenon is essential for therapeutic approaches for needle-addicted persons, as it significantly affects the success level of the therapeutic process. Goals: To describe the prevalence of individual dimensions of needle fixation among drug users in the city of Plzeň, considering their factors of drug use. Methods: The data were collected with the help of the NEFPRO questionnaire working with fixation dimensions, specifically: preference of the effect of intravenous application, sexual satisfaction, sexual experience, pain, substitution, ritual and flushing. The questionnaire was complemented with several questions related to age, gender, time of abuse and the primary drug abused. The said variables were statistically tested in the SPSS program in relation to the fixation dimensions, by t-test for independent averages, ANOVA and bivariant correlations. The data were collected among injection drug users (N = 89) in Plzeň in cooperation with Spolek Ulice Plzeň, a non-profit organization providing field programs. Results: The dimension of needle fixation most frequently present among the users was substitution (94.4%) and sexual practice (89.9%), followed by sexual pleasure (78.6%) and pain (66.3%); the remaining dimensions were marginally represented. A statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) was identified between gender and the dimensions of pain and flushing; the type of drugs used shows a relation with the dimension of rituals. None of the dimensions significantly relate to age or duration of use.

This paper presents the research results concerning the preferences of the value of health and whether these preferences are dependent on several social factors: gender, age, population size of the village/town/city the respondents come from, qualification level, occupation and professional orientation, family economic situation, attitudes to the public social care policy, faith in God and attitude towards religion. Research was conducted throughout the entire country using 5,425 respondents, who were asked to fill in a questionnaire. Except for one factor - attitude to the public social care policy - all of the other factors have been recognized as significantly influencing the attitude to the value of health. The results of the research have two main impacts: firstly, they support the values theory according to which we can assume the key role of values in human activity and, secondly, they could have a serious influence on today's healthcare and social care practices, because they influence the motivation of clients and consequently could support or not support the healing process.

The topic of the present contribution, which is aimed at public information in the field of the integration of handicapped persons into the life of the society, was formulated based on the General Declaration of Human Rights: The integration, as a tool serving the philosophy of independent life through the mediation of taking the advantage of the personal assistance. The principal method was the analysis of contemporary conditions and legal provisions forming the prerequisite for this independence. The wording of the "Law on the social assistance" No. 195/1998 Z. z. indicates that providing of the social assistance for the handicapped people is becoming unavoidable for the society. However, it is to emphasize that the citizen active participation is a prerequisite for granting the assistance. In this case, the social assistance is aimed at a moderation of the social poverty, providing of principal conditions of the life in the natural environment and prevention of causes of the origination, intensification and recurrence of disorders of the human mental and social development, which are assumptions for the integration and inclusion of the citizen into the society. All these provisions must be based on principles of the fairness, solidarity, subsidence and participation. The principle of the subsidence is of a particular importance, which should be understood as a form of the activation of people with health involvements and their beneficial interaction, with a delimited field of competences. Within the scope of this principle, each individual is due to help oneself and, if the individual is not able to do so, the help is implemented through the mediation of further institutions - family and/or other, state and non-state, subjects. However, on the other hand, conditions for the integration of the individuals should be provided, which may also be supplemented by the application of the further principle, participation. In the social policy, this principle is directed to a change in the individual or object of the social policy. This social policy subsequently leads to an empirical view, which is a particular case study of a handicapped citizen, which can help to achieve particular steps of the social assistance focused on the principal target: providing the assistance for a handicapped individual.

The life style can be considered as a form of the manifestation of the life of individuals, groups and communities. This form is associated with particular conditions of cultural habits and traditions, work, social life, education, approach to free time activities, etc. Problems of food and nutritional habits and furthermore movement activity, resistance to the stress and use of tobacco products are most frequently considered as parts of the life style. These are factors directly associated with the life style and they exert effects on the origination of civilization diseases. This problem is of a great importance in terms of the prevention of these diseases. A part of an extensive research financed by the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic was also aimed at specific features of the life style in the Vietnamese and Chinese minorities living in the Czech Republic. The research project is being implemented in 2005 to 2007.
One of targets of the research was mapping of particular aspects of the life style of our fellow citizens from Vietnamese and Chinese minorities from the standpoint of their cultural differences.
Three questionnaires were arranged for the data accumulation, which were translated into Vietnamese and Chinese languages. The subjects were supposed to react to particular items in the questionnaires by expressing the measure of their agreement or disagreement. The Likert scale with the five-grade type of the expression was used in the questionnaire. The examination with the use of the questionnaires included 4710 subjects from the Vietnamese minority and 1427 subjects from the Chinese minority.
In the questionnaire, the subjects presented their expressions concerning particular items about taking care of their health and adhering to the healthy life style - daily regimen, sleeping and resting, principles of reasonable nutrition, movement activity and smoking. The contribution presents results of considering the four fields of interest as follows: nutrition, use of tobacco products, maintaining of optimum body mass and movement activity of the subjects.
In this extensive examination it was demonstrated that members of Vietnamese and Chinese minorities take care of their health, adhere to the proper life style, are interested in their nutrition, maintain the optimum mass of their bodies and perform sufficient movement activities. High numbers of subjects regularly using tobacco products are alarming.

The process of the accreditation of healthcare institutions presents a considerable progress in nursing with participation of whole teams of equivalent partners: general nurses, healthcare technicians, physiotherapists, nutritional therapists, radiological assistants, physicians and managers. At the present time, the accreditation of healthcare institutions is the most effective tool for achieving quality nursing care. The interest in the accreditation as an effective tool for the quality control and management is increasing worldwide. Within the framework of a research examination, we were interested in a question how the members of the top and middle management - deputy director for nursing activity, head nurses and ward sisters in accredited healthcare institutions - consider the problems of accreditations and how, in their opinions, the accreditation of healthcare institutions contributes to the quality nursing care and patient safety. The research examination was performed in selected accredited healthcare institutions based on quantitative research by using an anonymous questionnaire. Ninety-five percent of respondents stated that in their healthcare institution, there are established programmes for enhancing the quality. According to the respondents, before the accreditation, all the healthcare institutions monitored the satisfaction of patients and staff members, a further monitored indicator of the quality being the prevalence of decubiti; 89% of respondents mentioned that they furthermore followed keeping of the healthcare documentation, 79% of respondents stated that before the accreditation, they monitored the frequency of falls in the course of the hospitalization and 71% of respondents also mentioned following of nosocomial infections before the accreditation. The most typical indicators of the quality in searching for risks, which could damage a patient or staff member and which were included into the course of the preparation for the accreditation examination, were as follows: errors in the medication, deliberate departure of a patient, cannula sepsis, injury with contaminated needle. Members of the management considered the following most important indicators of the quality of the nursing care: prevalence of decubiti, falls, medication mistake, satisfaction of the personnel, and nosocomial infections. The question whether the nursing care quality was improved in association with the accreditation was answered by 64% of members of the management: that the improvement was considerable, to the European level; 20% of respondents mentioned a distinct improvement in the nursing care. Only 16% of respondents were not able to evaluate the improvement in the nursing care quality. In opinions of managing staff members, the research examination demonstrated that the accreditation of hospitals warrants quality nursing care and patient safety associated with strict adhering to accreditation standards including quality indicators.

Tumour diseases represent civilization diseases of the 21st century with globally rising prevalence. Medical workers may significantly contribute to oncological relief of the society in dependence on their competence. The authors present the results of a comparative research study of which aim was to find out the partaking rate of nurses in preventive interventions in ambulatory care practice providing primary health care. The study presenting nursing intervention rate in oncological prevention was realised at nurses working in GP offices in regions of the Slovak Republic and the United Kingdom. The research sample was represented by 165 nurses (87 Slovak and 78 British nurses). The data recollection was performed during the period from January to July 2012. For data recollection we used a non-standardized questionnaire, and for pre-statistic compilation and for group comparison of the monitored indexes we used a two dimension inductive statistic method, two samples Student's t-test. The comparative study confirmed the statistic relation of extant of anamnestic assessment of the risk factors and the content orientation of the education of the nurses from both groups. The rate of English nurses in prevention was significant in the sphere of oncological risk prevention and realised education in terms of its content focus. We supplemented the issues under review with the most significant foreign studies that point out different the non-professional public awareness of tumorous diseases and their prevention. The ascertained results of the studies may lead to the intensification of the preventive care in the Slovak Republic through the nurse assuming the initiative of all competent sides.

Each human should have the opportunity to live a fully-fledged life. Nevertheless, there exist differences among people as for their attitude to health and health care use. The roots of this inequality often lay in social-economic conditions. The conception of ten social determinants of health looks for the primary causes of these differences and suggests strategies that lead to rising equality in the society. Among important social determinants that influence the health of an individual belongs the social gradient (social grade of an individual in the society) or their life conditions in childhood. There are several factors that contribute to the appearance of different diseases like the level of stress, anxiety and fear that we face in the course of our life. Poverty and social marginalization also have a negative impact on human health. Last but not least, the standard of nutrition (it means its lack or excess) belongs among those social determinants that have an important impact on human organism. The issue of social health determinants has been treated in the long term by World Health Organization (WHO). The Czech Republic is involved in a number of international projects which deal with the interconnection between the social situation and health of the majority and minority population (e.g. Determine and Mighealthnet project). It is the Faculty of Health and Social Studies of the University of South Bohemia that deals with the interconnection between the health condition and the social and economical situation. The present article is a general study aiming to determine theoretically the conception of ten social determinants of health, to provide evidence for the currency of given conception, and to develop a discussion about reaching the strategic goals of this conception. At the same time, it points out its possible risks and limitations. During the research, the following databases were used: ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed and Wiley.

According to the latest published data, the total of 33 outpatient geriatric facilities were registered in the Czech Republic at the end of 2011 employing (mostly on a part-time basis) 63 physicians. The aim of this paper was to analyze the reasons of this situation. An extensive survey of the opinions of Czech geriatricians performed in spring 2013 addressing all the 230 geriatricians registered in the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkyně was focused on the situation in ambulatory geriatric care, the experience with the demand for it, the approach of health insurance companies, and the cooperation with other physicians. The survey has identified that the major obstacle to the development of geriatrics is the persisting artificial separation of medical and social care. Its negative consequence is a breach of the complexity and consistency of care and the cooperation among specialists. A real threat to the development of ambulatory geriatric care is particularly the existing financing system of ambulatory geriatric services and the unofficial "stop state" of health insurance companies that prevent new contractual relationships. Another obstacle is the lack of readily available relevant information, so that the demand for specialist care remains on a low level. The phenomenon of the ageing population is still not perceived as a major challenge by the Czech society, and this situation is also reflected by the level of awareness and interest in these issues.

Current state: This article focuses on the analysis of selected social conditions of Slovakian immigrants living in the Czech Republic.
Objective: The aim of the research was to describe the social situations of Slovakians living in the Czech Republic and to find links between their social situation and personal health. In accordance with the main objective of the research, we formulated research questions related to the concepts of social status, socioeconomic status, language skills and social support.
Methods: Structured interviews were used for data collecting. Interviews were transcribed and then coded. The research sample consisted of 16 Slovakian immigrants, 11 women and 5 men.
Results: Slovakians living in the Czech Republic subjectively rated their health as good. Correlations between the subjective perception of health and the selected social conditions have been demonstrated by education and employment status. There was no correlation demonstrated between the subjective perception of health status and knowledge of the Czech language. Similarly, no correlation has been demonstrated between social support and one's subjective perception of personal health status.
Conclusion: Research has shown that Slovakians living in the Czech Republic feel well and are accepted among the Czechs. They enjoy social support at all levels and are integrated into the Czech society. With respect to the results of this research, it would be useful when conducting further research, to pay attention to how Slovakians living in the Czech Republic perceive themselves, whether they feel themselves as being foreigners or not, and how they are perceived by the Czech citizens. It would be useful to focus further research on the confirmation of the possible correlations between the objective assessment of health status and selected social conditions.

The following paper deals with one of the social determinants of health involving a target group of immigrants of Ukrainian nationality (N = 237) living in the Czech Republic. The author has focused on the areas pertaining to smoking, alcohol consumption, taking illegal substances (drugs) and playing gambling machines and these areas pertain to the relationship with the following monitored variables: gender, age, highest achieved education and subjective feeling of one's personal health status. The data have been collected by means of a questionnaire survey within the territory of the Czech Republic (quantitative research) and evaluated in SPSS 16.0 program. Pursuant to statistical measurements in the SPSS program, it can be stated that the variable regarding gender joins all the above mentioned areas in formulating a statistically significant relationship. The other variables do not show any statistically significant relationship. Regarding the consummation of tobacco products, the follow-up file has shown similar numbers of smokers as was the case in the entire Czech Republic representation.

The aim of the study is to examine the relationships between attitudes towards communication skills, self-evaluation of communication abilities, and sense of coherence among students of nursing. A cross-sectional correlational study design was employed. Altogether, 227 university nursing students participated in the study (20.53 ± 2.04; 96.9% females). Communication Skills Attitudes Scale (CSAS), Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC), and short self-evaluation scale of communication ability of own design were used. The results showed a high average score in the positive attitudes subscale and moderate negative attitudinal scores in the CSAS questionnaire, as well as positive self-evaluation of the communication abilities among students. The positive subscale of the CSAS was positively related to the sense of coherence (p = 0.05), while the negative subscale of the CSAS was negatively related to the sense of coherence (p ≤ 0.001). The study showed that sense of coherence is associated with more positive attitudes towards communication skills. Understanding the factors associated with the effective communication strategies provides an important base for improving the content of the current communication curriculum in nursing study programs.

Aim: To identify the incidence of key fall risk factors in groups of older adults in long-term care facilities and to find out which factors can be identified by the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) as significant in relation to high fall risks. Fall risk screening is the basis for efficient intervention planning. MFS is often recommended for fall risk detection even in long-term care settings. No tool for the prediction of fall risks has been tested in Slovakia so far.
Methods: The design of this study is descriptive and correlated. Fall risk factors and fall risk screening (according to MFS) were assessed in 89 older adults in two long-term care facilities. The data were collected from July to October 2016.
Results: The majority of monitored risk factors had a high incidence in the sample. The authors identified that a strong predictor of a fall is mainly the presence of a fall in the patient's clinical history. Statistically significant correlations were found between a history of falling, disorder of the gait and balance, use of ambulatory aids, mental disorder, falling during the study and a high fall risk according to MFS.
Conclusion: This tool provides nurses with the information on the level of fall risk and specific risk factors. It also enables targeted planning of preventive and protective interventions. Despite the clinical efficiency of the tool it is still important to continue testing the prediction value of the tool in different areas of nursing practice in Slovakia.

The study aims to identify the presence of psychiatric disorders (and the different types) among the homeless, while also seeking a correlation between homelessness and mental health problems. The study was conducted as qualitative research at a low-threshold day treatment center in Trenčín between January 1 and October 1, 2017. The research sample consisted of twelve users of low-threshold social services, and through these participants we examined and identified not only the extent of psychiatric disorders present in them, but also the current state of treatment and the interest of the participants in addressing existing mental health problems alongside their relationship to their social environment. The results of the study demonstrated the connection between homelessness and mental health problems, as well as the consequences of the failure to treat psychological problems due to how the homeless act and their behavior toward their social environment, limiting the ability to reintegrate them into society.

Health literacy is a person's ability to search for relevant sources regarding health, understand the information, and use it adequately to improve their behaviour in order to support their own health. The goal of this article is to analyze academic publications which are focused on the assessment of the health literacy of children and adolescents. We used the method of content analysis. The sources were searched for in the databases EBSCO, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science and Willey between April and May 2018. Based on the analysis of the sources, it is possible to say that most of the studies were carried out outside of Europe. Aside from one qualitative and one quantitative-qualitative study, all studies were quantitative. They mostly use the standardized assessment scales TOFHLA, REALM-Teens and NVS. The respondents were children and adolescents. Some studies were focused on children and adolescents with specific needs or social problems.

Objectives: The goals of this study were to examine relationships among health literacy and outcomes for sub-populations identified within a large, multi-dimensional Omaha System dataset. Specific aims were to extract sub-populations from the data using Latent Class Analysis (LCA); and quantify the change in knowledge score from pre- to post-intervention for common sub-populations.
Design: Data-driven retrospective study using statistical modeling methods.
Sample: A set of admission and discharge cases, captured in the Omaha System, representing 65,468 cases from various health care providers.
Measures: Demographic information and the Omaha System terms including problems, signs/symptoms, and interventions were used as the features describing cases used for this study. Development of a mapping of demographics across health care systems enabled the integration of data from these different systems.
Results: Knowledge scores increased for all five sub-populations identified by latent class analysis. Effect sizes of interventions related to health literacy outcomes varied from low to high, with the greatest effect size in populations of young at-risk adults. The most significant knowledge gains were seen for problems including Pregnancy, Postpartum, Family planning, Mental health, and Substance use.
Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate positive relationships between interventions and health literacy outcomes for a very large sample. A deeper analysis of the results, focusing on specific problems and relevant interventions and their impact on health literacy is required to guide resource allocation in community-based care. As such, future work will focus on determining correlations between interventions for specific problems and knowledge change post-intervention.

In their contribution, the authors intend to point out the philosophy of hospices and emphasize the method of taking care providing saving of the human dignity for dying persons. The hospice is a place, which is considered as the last place in the life of incurably diseased and dying people. It helps them to live as long as possible and in the most quality way with feelings of hope till the last moment. Taking care of terminally diseased patients, dying people and their family members is a tedious work calling for a complex attitude. The most effective solution is just the hospice and hospice care. The hospice care is currently being provided by the form of in-house hospice care, ambulatory, stationary and hospital-type hospice care. The principal unit in providing the hospice care is a multidisciplinary team, which is focused on improving the quality of the remaining life of the patient and supporting his/her family encountering the fatal disease. The patient and family are equivalent members of the team. Nurses are important persons in the management of general taking care of dying people.
In a survey, the authors analyze answers of nurses working in the hospice and in the other health facilities, where they meet persons at terminal stage of the life and dying people. The purpose of the survey was to demonstrate facts and differences in the care provided for dying people in hospices and in other health facilities. The survey is aimed at three circuits. The first one concerns knowledge and skill of nurses necessary for the work with dying people. The second circuit determines how the nurses perceive the provided complex care for dying people and their relatives and the third one examines the effects of the work with dying people on standpoints and values of nurses. In the conclusive part of the contribution, there is a discussion, in which the research results are compared with opinions and experience of different authors. Proposals and recommendations for practice are presented within the scope of the propagation of the idea of the hospice and improvement of taking care of dying people.

In all the advanced countries, there is a higher frequency of occupational injuries in foreigners compared to the majority population. The foreigners are not exposed to a significantly higher health risk during their employment, but the nature of the work performed by them contributes to the risk. Given the fact that foreigners account for nearly 3% of the total frequency of occupational injuries in the Czech Republic, based on certain investigations, it is possible to believe that the occurrence of their injuries is actually considerably higher and the injuries are considerably more frequent. A similar situation can also be expected in occupational diseases. The qualitative examination performed among the Mongolian population in the Czech Republic concerning the occupational effects on the health of migrants presented here is based on this hypothesis. The primary target of the present study was an analysis of occupational effects on the health of Mongolian migrants followed and relationships of these findings to available information on foreigners and occupational safety. The secondary target was finding of relationships between impacts of the work on the health and type of employment or condition of stay of the migrants. The data obtained are based on information from thirty-six semi-structured interviews with Mongolian migrants, which were analyzed by an analytical coding procedure in terms of grounded theory. The results supported the fact that a considerable proportion (almost two thirds) of the migrants followed worked under conditions endangering the health according to their own opinions. Injuries of limbs occurred most frequently, cases of poisoning from inhaled vapours of adhesives or frostbites being also frequent. In terms of the work and health a group of migrants employed through the mediation of agencies exerted most problems. In general, in addition to health consequences, occupational injuries or effects of work on the migrant health also included considerable problems for the stay of migrants in the Czech Republic, most frequently resulting in departure from the country or stay without the visa.

The main target of the study presented here is to show the most frequently occurring problems and management of the nursing care in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. An analytical-synthetic approach was chosen for the investigation of the most frequent adaptation problems in patients suffering from RA. The analysis was based primarily on original studies and secondarily on data from the literature (meta-analyses, outlining studies). Roy's adaptation model was the main theoretical framework for evaluation of physical, psychical and social impacts of RA. The author shows a great variety of responses to the disease in particular adaptation modes: particularly pain, damage to joints, tiredness in the field of the physiological adaptation, depression, negative perceiving of the body condition, anxiety, depression, reduced self-esteem in the self-concept mode, development of functional disability and altered role performance (e.g. of partner, parent or co-worker) in the role function mode as well as change of relations with significant others in the interdependence mode. In addition to the disease (the focal stimulus), the responses in particular modes were also affected by further stimuli. Biological responses (particularly pain and the physical activity) were particularly significantly affected by depression, anxiety, personal toughness and fitness, but also for example by the participation in educational programmes. The following stimuli determining the psychosocial adaptation were defined: pain, physical activity, functional disability, social support, and participation in programmes supporting health. Knowledge of the above mentioned stimuli is of importance as a starting point for the choice of approaches performed in support of the adaptation. The nurse is due to aim her attention to those, which she can affect. These are particularly the moderation of pain, improvement/maintenance of the physical activity, reduction in the tiredness and maintenance of energy equilibrium, improvement of the functional ability, reduction in the psychological distress (moderation of anxiety and depression and increase of self-esteem), enhancement of positively perceived social support and supporting the patient in his/her self-classification through the mediation of education.

Smoking and drinking alcohol belong to the most frequently occurring dependences and also to risk factors of the development of numerous diseases in the Czech, Slovak and Romany populations. According to the research results available (Nesvadbová et al., 2009; Davidová et al., 2010), in Romany communities, the occurrence of smoking and drinking alcohol is significant due to its determination by social and economic factors.
The target of the article presented here is mapping of smoking and alcohol consumption in selected Romany communities in the Czech and Slovak Republics.
The method of the research was based on its qualitatively-quantitative strategy with the use of semi-structured deep interviews and observations during the examination under field conditions. The target group consisted of multi-generation Romany families with different types of the social stratification (the lowest social class included respondents from socially excluded localities in the Czech Republic and East-Slovakian Romany settlements and the highest class was represented by members of the Romany elite). Total of 164 respondents in the Czech Republic and 149 respondents in the Slovak Republic were inquired.
The results show that in the Romany population, there is a significantly higher rate of smoking compared to the Czech and Slovak populations. Romany people also start smoking at earlier age, the first cigarette being usually offered by a relative. No attempts to reduce or stop smoking were observed, even in pregnancy or based on a medical recommendation. The alcohol consumption was found to be more frequent in Romany people in Slovakia (everyday consumption occurred there, which was not observed in the Czech Republic) and gender differences were recognized, most teetotallers or occasional consumers being among Romany women. In the quantitative rate of smoking or drinking alcohol, there was no difference in terms of the social stratification of respondents. There was, however, a qualitative difference: higher classes consumed more expensive brands of cigarettes and alcohol.

Empirical researchers traditionally pay attention to ethical problems and decision-making situations related to the provision of medical and nursing care to patients. They are also interested in the fields of medicine and workplaces where such problems are solved most frequently. In recent years, however, growing interest has been paid to what the medical staff experiences in cases where the proposed care is not ethically correct, and may endanger the patient. Our surveillance study focuses on the concept of moral distress of nurses. We distinguish it from other types of distress (somatic, psychological and spiritual) owing to its ethical dimension. The study shows that it is a complex phenomenon which is not easy to define. Among other things, the value system of nurses, their moral sensitivity and moral courage play an important role. The moral distress of nurses changes over the course of time: we distinguish the initial moral distress, and then, after a period of time, the reactive moral distress. The study presents four theoretical models of moral distress. Attention is paid mainly to two of them: Model with cumulating negative impacts over time (accumulation of moral residues) and a model of progress and potential consequences of moral distress. The last part of the study describes two basic determinants of moral distress: internal (sociological and psycho-ethical characteristics of nurses) and external (specificity of the decision situation, the influence of members of the health care team, rules of functioning of the medical facility and its ethical climate, and the socio-cultural specificity of the country).

The aim of this overview study is to highlight the issue of homelessness in connection with selected health and social aspects. We deal with psychological and physical health, homelessness and substance abuse (alcohol, drugs). Existing studies point to the fact that, among the homeless, there is a higher psychiatric morbidity than among the general population. The situation is identical regarding physical health. Substance abuse is also more common among the homeless than among the general population. In this study, we used the current academic articles listed in Scopus and PubMed to start with. We searched for them entering the keywords "homeless" and "health". In 2015, Scopus published 6670 articles on this topic. In PubMed, we found 1780 scientific articles, regarding the keywords, published in the last 5 years. In connection with this topic, we also drew from the current academic bibliography available on the Czech market and from the website of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic.

The author discusses a survey study on aging phenomenon, and describes its manifestations in the context of biological, psychological and social nature. We pay attention to the increase of mental disorders especially depression, which is subsequently discussed and characterized. The paper is primarily aimed at highlighting the aspects affecting the formation of depression, which occurs in older ages and in particular the aspects that we call psychosocial summary. The author, however, does not link the formation of depression only with psychosocial factors, and points out that the formation of depression in seniors is shared with physical limitations, natural disease, and cognitive changes, but these physical changes contribute to the development of negative social phenomena such as loneliness, isolation, loss of contact, etc. Depression in older age has a strong social background, which means its treatment carries certain specifics, especially in the context of combining medication with psychotherapy. Therefore, within the presented summarizing study, in the second part the author focuses on psychotherapy as one of the possible supporting medical activities. The author then defines psychotherapy when working with a senior, as a planned and controlled therapy through an immediate influence on senior's psyche. The author puts a group form of therapy to the foreground and at the same time examines individual psychotherapeutic attitudes, which are suitable for the offered group therapy and could be helpful in the treatment of depressive life periods of an elderly person. The meaning of senior group therapy is mainly based on the possibility to provide or restore social support, which is inevitable in one's old age.

Objective: Basic lifesaving activities should be taught in early childhood to develop helping attitude. Our goal was to teach up-to-date theoretical and practical basic first aid using the method of play for kindergarten children.
Methods: 51 children visiting kindergarten in two areas of Hungary were involved in the survey, which took place between September and November 2011. The training consisted of two sessions with theoretical and practical games about first aid. As well as the first steps, which concerned how to examine and handle an unconscious patient and how to call an ambulance, the most frequently occurring injuries were also performed in different playful situations. In the third session, children were tested on their skills and a month later they were re-tested. The tests measured the children's problem-solving skills and their basic knowledge about different scenarios requiring first aid. The statistical analysis was made with the SPSS 17.0 software using the Chi-square test and t-test.
Results: The maximum point score of the test was 38 points. The average point score of the first test was 16.94 points and the second resulted in higher scores (17.5 points). The difference between the results was significant (p < 0.05). The results showed attitudinal differences between boys and girls (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: 5 and 6 year old kindergarten children can learn the basic concepts, but fewer children are able to act adequately in complex situations. A playful method of teaching first aid can improve children's knowledge and helping attitude.