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Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly being integrated into curricula for health care students. However, little is known about how they choose between CAM and conventional medicine (CM). This study examines how health care students (nurses, paramedics, midwives, health visitors) choose between CAM and CM.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted between April and June 2013. A self-completed questionnaire was administered to undergraduate health care students. The questionnaire was on a 5-point severity scale of diseases, with responses classifying their choices of CAM, CM or their combinations in the medical treatment of diseases. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Four hundred and seventy one students (response rate: 50.7%) completed the questionnaire. The more serious the disease was, the frequency of choosing primarily CM and secondly CAM increased (from 37.6% up to 59.9%), while it decreased for "only CM" (from 27.8% to 24.8%), for "primarily CAM and secondly CM" (from 27.2% to 11.9%), and for "only CAM" (from 7.4% to 3.4%). The choice patterns of 313 students (66.45%) were examined. Based on these choice patterns, three groups of students were classified: students choosing a combined use of CAM and CM (66.0%); students who believe in CM only and choose not to use CAM (18.5%), and students who basically believe in CM but are open to applying CAM as an add-on treatment based on the severity of the diseases (15.5%).
Conclusion: Health care students' choice patterns suggest that in addition to CM, most of them consider CAM to be an important element of medical treatment.

This study is based on scientific literature in the fields of health, management, sociology and psychology. It notes that the implementation of changes in healthcare (from major conceptual changes to changes at the level of a particular workplace) usually results in objections on the part of health personnel. The study is structured into six parts. The first part describes the difficulties associated with defining the term "resistance to change". It also provides an overview of different types of resistance to change. The second part illustrates the general concept of resistance to change by means of examples from the area of health care. It also introduces conceptual changes to the healthcare system, changes in IT use, changes in nursing, and organizational changes within an institution. The third part is devoted to three theoretical models: the three-dimensional model of change (Pettigrew), the cyclical concept of the four phases of change (Lawrence), and the psychological model of experiencing change by an individual (a modification of the Kübler-Ross five stage model). The fourth part gives an overview of factors that (according to the results of previous research) contribute to the resistance of health personnel to change. The fifth part focuses on methods used to diagnose the resistance to change, and presents basic information about ten questionnaires used for this purpose. The sixth (and final part) points out that the critical attitudes of health personnel to change do not fully reject it. The workers' attitudes and behaviour are rather ambivalent with a tendency to change over time, but they may also have a positive function: they maintain the stability of the system; preventing superficial, ill-conceived changes and uncritically accepted innovations. If management listens to workers' opinions, they can initiate a thorough debate and can provide stimuli to improve the original form of change. Seriously conceived resistance to change can alter the change for the better.

Depression is a disease affecting both the body and the state of mind and the thinking. It influences sleep and eating habits, the way of perception of oneself as well as perception of surrounding world. Depression is not a symptom of personal weakness or a condition we could get rid of by mere wish or will involvement. People suffering from depression cannot simply "pull themselves together" and relax. It is typical that depressive disturbances occur in different forms. Symptom complexes can remain during weeks, months or years, when they are not treated. On the other hand, adequate treatment can help the majority of the population suffering from depressions. Different types of antidepressants are available, including the newest ones as - serotonine-retrograde-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - as well as tricyclic antidepressants and mono-amino-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). SSRIs, as well as further newer medicines influencing the neurotransmitters - e.g. dopamine or noradrenaline - have generally more undesirable effects than tricyclic antidepressants. Appropriately chosen psychotherapy combined with appropriate antidepressant can contribute substantially to improvement of life quality in persons suffering from depressions.

The worldwide population in advanced countries is currently aging and this trend is also obvious in our country. Thus, the society should search for starting points for providing meaningful life of elderly people with taking into account the possibilities of their health. Thus, the activization of hospitalized seniors should be one of them.

New anti-cancer medicines take advantage of knowledge of molecular mechanisms of malignities for aimed intervention suppressing the pathological process. The targets of the intervention are on the one hand receptors of growth factors, their ligands and molecules from connected signal paths and, on the other hand, deacetylases of histones and further molecules of the transcription apparatus. The first group comprises antibodies against receptors and mainly "small molecules" inhibiting their function. In contrast, inhibitors of histone deacetylases are a chemically heterogeneous group of substances providing the transcription of genes of different molecules exerting anti-oncogenic action by maintaining a high level of the acetylation of target molecules. A number of substances from both groups successfully passed preclinical or also clinical tests and certain products, particularly antibodies, already principally affected the treatment of particular malignities. The purpose of the present article is to offer a review of at least most important substances from these recently occurring groups of anti-cancer medicines. A general mechanism of effects, achieved level of preclinical and clinical testing, chemistry and possibly particular molecular interactions in the malignant cells are described with each group.

The need of self-fulfilment means a realization of one's own potential. The person having this need is a realistic individual, who is able to see clearly the life and to be objective in his/her considerations. He/she is able to recognize appropriate and inappropriate points, is resolute, and his/her self-confidence or self-respect is not reduced. The disease is a hindrance in the process of satisfying human needs and it determines the way of expression and possibility of satisfying the needs. In association with a disease, one frequently pays his/her attention to the satisfaction of lower needs and is only transiently interested in needs at a higher level. The needs and their mental response are usually affected by circumstances under which the disease is developed and also by environment surrounding the person in the disease. The target of the research investigation, which was implemented at the beginning of 2008, was to determine the occurrence of the need of self-fulfilment in hospitalized patients. Three groups of patients were compared as follows: patients, who were quite unexpectedly hospitalized and whose life was changed within a second, patients admitted to planned surgical interventions and those hospitalized for a long period. The further target was the investigation of the activity of nurses in the satisfaction of this need.

The management of human resources in the field of nursing quality must be supported by enthusiastic and responsible attitude of nurses towards their own role on one hand, and it must create conditions for fulfilling this role on the other hand. Possible discrepancy between the importance nurses attribute to different aspects of their role and the perception of the possibility to put them into effect rise the risk of discontentment which is a signal for targeted interventions into quality management. A quantitative research realised in April 2012 in a selected hospital focused on this discrepancy. The target group were nurses working on the wards of one hospital. The used research method was a questionnaire of proper construction.
The items of the questionnaire were created in accordance with the operationalization of the concept of the nurse's role within two spheres. The first group of items surveyed the opinions on the importance of the patient's needs satisfaction and its approach in accordance with the method of the nursing process and the humanistic and altruistic values. The other group of items represented the importance of the professional attributes of the activities connected with nursing as a professional discipline. Both groups of items were assessed from the point of view of their role for the work role of the respondent, and also from the point of view of the practise that permits them their realisation.
According to stratified random choice, 411 questionnaires were distributed from which 81% returned. The aspects of a nurse's role defined as "direct contact of a nurse with a patient" showed to be statistically more relevant for the role of a nurse, and from the point of view of nurses which realisation in the practise is also a lot more difficult than the aspects called "professional role attributes". During the division of the nurses into the sub files, according to the type of the expertise and work place, no big differences were noticed.

The Czech Republic has an official policy of providing equal access to health facilities for all citizens. However, Romani communities, mainly where they are inhabitants of socially excluded localities, have worse access to medical and health care than other citizens. This has a number consequences in the form of a worsened health conditions, incidence of chronic diseases and also a lack of preventive activities in the area. The aim of our survey study is to describe the current findings in the sphere of social determinants of health among the Romani minority in the Czech Republic. The survey study mainly presents the results of three research projects carried out in the years 2001-09, focused on the area of subjective and objective perception of the health state of Romani respondents, although we also used data processed by a content analysis of documents obtained by means of a search relating to the topic. The results of the projects described correspond in the following points: the subjective perception of their health state by Romani respondents is quite positive; the most often problematic areas include psychosomatic cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus of type II; the factors of lifestyle, especially smoking, physical inactivity and inappropriate nutrition have a significant influence on the occurrence of these diseases. Despite the relevance of the health topic in Romani communities there is a relatively small number of studies dealing with this and other relevant issues. On the base of content analysis of available projects we have come to the results that there is quite a big contradiction between subjective and objective evaluation of the health state of the Romani population.

Animals have had an impact on humans since the beginning of domestication; initially only as an aid to survival or as a source of livelihood, but later - especially in the case of the dog - also as a partner and helper. The positive effects of human-animal interaction for treatment and rehabilitation purposes have been known empirically for centuries. In recent decades, there has been a relatively rapid development in the use of animals for the treatment and rehabilitation of people with varieties of handicap. These methods now have a scientific basis, are subjected to the scrutiny of scientific study, and are often coordinated by international institutions, who establish a uniform monitoring process and make recommendations. Although zoorehabilitation is not yet accepted by a number of experts, animal assisted therapy and its effects are coming into the broader awareness of the general public. Modern life has tended to separate humans from nature, and lifestyle changes have led to increasing stress and mental and physical problems. Return to nature, albeit in the form of contact with animals, mainly dogs, horses and cats, but other animals also, and substitute care for a pet in zootherapy or farm work can affect people positively.
Farming therapy is a curative and preventive method that can be successfully used in education especially for children, but also adults who are socially, mentally and physically handicapped or even healthy people. Therapy is carried out through work in direct contact with the animals, but it is also about the process of treatment and rearing of animal of various species and breeds. Farming therapy is considered one of the most appropriate and effective means of integrating people, who are, for various reasons (external or internal) excluded from society.

Medication errors are the most frequent cause of patient harm. The new view of the role of the patient as a partner in his/her safe care can help reduce the risk of serious errors and omissions by health workers. In the context of sociological investigation, the level of patient involvement in the medication process in checking the accuracy of the medication administered and informing healthcare professionals about all the medication taken and possible allergies, has been researched. The selective file of patients admitted to the hospital, corresponded with the patient composition in the Czech Republic in terms of regions, gender and age. These features were intended to be representative. The research file consisted of 514 patients hospitalized at the hospital inpatient wards for at least 3 days. The research results show that patients carry out medication control very superficially. They trust the nursing staff and do not check medication accuracy. More than half of the respondents (56.2%) do not check the medication and do not ask the nurse about its name. It is puzzling and alarming that almost one-third of patients (26.3%) would not draw the attention of a doctor or nurse to the administration of wrong or unusual medication! In contrast, most patients do inform a doctor about medication already being taken (87.5%), and possible allergies (86.0%), and so the active involvement of patients in risk prevention is a possible solution. Patients should be encouraged to be vigilant and alert health professionals about errors that, in their opinion, have happened or could happen during the treatment process.

The aim of this paper was to identify the relationship between customer requirements for fulfilling their cultural needs, and the size of healthcare facilities that provide inpatient health care in Slovakia. We also investigated the rate of identification of clients' cultural needs in selected Slovak healthcare facilities, regarding communication, alternative nutrition and the spiritual needs of clients from different cultural backgrounds. We also examined conditions for nurse training relating to meeting clients' needs. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire distributed to management representatives of healthcare facilities in Slovakia. The sampling was deliberate. 146 facilities providing inpatient health care according to the National Health Information Centre were addressed. Methods of descriptive and inductive statistics (Cramer's contingency coefficient) were used to evaluate the questionnaires. Survey results showed that meeting culturally determined needs had a significant relationship with the size of the healthcare facility. The size of the healthcare facility did not have a significant relationship with the level of satisfaction of the following cultural needs - communication, alternative nutrition, and spiritual needs. This might lead to further research and it might challenge education of healthcare professionals regarding the changing needs of clients of healthcare facilities in the Slovak Republic.

According to Wilkinson and Marmot, the type of work and working conditions significantly affect health. Good working opportunities enable immigrants to integrate themselves into society. The goal of the research investigation carried out within the project COST (Cooperation on Scientific and Technical Research, Reg. No. 10031, entitled "Health and Social Situation of Immigrants and Asylum Seekers") was to map the working conditions of the target group of Vietnamese, Mongolian and Ukrainian immigrants (n = 236) and compare their working conditions with the working environment of the Czech population. Another goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of working environment on the health of immigrants. The results, involving the majority of the population, were drawn from a study of the European Survey on Health in the Czech Republic EHIS 2008 (European Health Interview Survey). The study was published by the Institution of Health Studies and Statistics of the Czech Republic (ÚZIS) in 2011. The questionnaire styled survey was conducted in 2011. From the results, it is evident that the target group of immigrants is exposed to unfavourable working circumstances more than the Czech population. The biggest differences were observed in the sphere of "sexual harassment or other psychological pressure" and "discrimination". A higher incidence of unfavourable working circumstances significantly increased the number of illnesses caused by the employment. Immigrants were exposed to a number of unfavourable working conditions that increased the risk of work-related injuries. Although the Czech legislation requires employers to provide each employee the training on safety rules when starting a job, the study results point to insufficient training of immigrants in the sphere of health protection.

Risk management in medical facilities within the Czech Republic is one of the important tasks of their management, supported by the Ministry of Health pursuant to the Luxembourg Declaration on Patient Safety. In connection with modern trends in integrated management, risk management should be an integral part of the "whole-hospital" management. The aim of the research realized under the support of IGA MZ ČR within the project - Ref. nr. NT 14133 "Advancement of Safety of Nursing Care" has been identification and description of specifics of risk management from the aspect of nurse-managers in selected medical facilities. According to the addressed managers risk management is focused on detection of risk situation in processes which lead or could lead to errors and mistakes. The aim of risk management in these hospitals has been elimination or reduction of occurrence of these risks which could damage patient's health as well as medical staff's health as well as the whole medical facility generally by its negative affect. Possible risks are actively sought out, identified and then assessed. Risk management has been connected with process management and quality management in examined medical facilities. Just the quality indicators, which have been established and followed by each medical facility, can also significantly influence risk management. Regular quality audits also contribute to detection of potential risk situations. Interconnection of management systems aims at deepening of system approach in management of medical facilities, continual advancement of health service quality, advancement of efficiency process and risk management.

The position of nurses in multidisciplinary teams is currently being considerably changed by the action of the health care transformation including transformation of nursery. The existence of healthcare organization with sufficient numbers of nurses, optimum personal structure of healthcare professionals, good atmosphere at work and cooperation between members of the whole team has enormous effects on the quality of the health care provided and on its results. It is to expect that, due to the fact that the Czech Republic is approaching EU countries, the pressure on the position of a nurse in a multidisciplinary team, particularly in the relationship nurse-physician, will be strengthened. Qualified nurse has an irreplaceable role in this team and reaches a partner position within the team. Beneficial conditions are currently being established for independent activities of nurses in the Czech Republic (see Law No. 96, 2004 and subsequent legal provisions - regulations). The university education of nurses also brings new competences. This is also associated with certain requirements for a change in the whole hierarchy of the healthcare system directed to restructuring of roles of a physician, qualified nurse and further healthcare personnel. It is also necessary to support the team work in the activities of physicians and nurses, to put emphasize on enhancement of the quality of the communication and cooperation of all the members of the medical and nursing team, where the interest in the patient is the common point of their activities. Non-cooperative relationships between physicians and nurses affect the professional atmosphere, cooperation, transfer of information and thus accumulation of misunderstandings, which brings negative impacts on the results of the care provided.

The contribution presents results of an examination implemented in the agency of home care and its partial target was verification of the applicability of selected scales - BMI, Barthlet test of daily life activities (ADL), Questionnaire for functional assessment of the patient, Evaluation of the nutritional condition, Evaluation of risk of development of decubiti by Northon, Evaluation of the pain intensity, Evaluation of mental health, Evaluation of depression in geriatric patients and Test of cognitive functions Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) in seniors (n=162). The chosen battery of tests was first verified in a pilot examination (n=20). The methods for data processing were descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficient and Fisher exact test at a 5% significance level. The analysis of the results demonstrated that for objectivizing diagnostic factors (determining characters, related factors and risk factors) the suitable tools are as follows: the ADL test for the nursing diagnosis Impaired mobility and furthermore the test FAQ and evaluation of the nutritional condition. In 84% of seniors with the diagnosis Impaired mobility, the pain was demonstrated, which is a part of related factors of this diagnosis (according to NANDA-I). The nursing assessment of the diagnosis Risk of falls should be supplemented by the test ADL, since a dependence was demonstrated in most seniors with this diagnosis and by evaluation of pain and malnutrition (in spite of the fact that NANDA-I it is not a part of risk factors in this diagnosis). In seniors with the nursing diagnosis Risk of infection, ADL, FAQ and Assessment of the nutritional condition are suitable tools for the data objectivization. For establishing the nursing diagnosis Chronic pain, it is suitable to consider the intensity of the pain, dependence (according to the ADL) and Mental health. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the ADL test and test of the risk of the development of decubiti by Northon, where dependence of seniors also increases with the increasing risk of the development of decubiti. There was also a strong correlation in the test of the depression of geriatric patients and test of mental health.

Nursing deals with holistic attitude to man and thus, even problems of the faith should not be omitted. In the course of providing the care, the healthcare professionals "support" the environment, in which values, traditions and spiritual convincing of individuals and their communities are supported. This necessarily includes good knowledge and skill of health professionals in giving the culturally differentiated nursing care. By the action of the migration, multicultural society is formed and its multicultural nature calls for trans-cultural understanding the society, groups and individuals, which means an intersection of particular cultures.
Buddhism originated about the 6th century B.C. in the territory of northern India, and in the course of the first millennium, it was stepwise displaced by Hinduism to southeast and east Asia. The origination of this religious-philosophic system is very strongly associated with an existing historical figure, the prince Siddhártha Gautama. Buddhism does not solely refer to one doctrine, but is divided into a number of schools, which are strongly different from each other. In spite of this, there is teaching recognized by all of them and associated with the first Buddha preaching. About 300 million people practise the Buddhism worldwide. This is the fourth most widely distributed religion throughout the world. However, its effects are more important than those expected based on the number of its followers.
The contribution presented here is related to followers of the Diamond Way Buddhism and focused on principles of healthy food, alcohol and tobacco product consumption, mental and physical activities, adhering to drinking regimen and meditations.
A quantitative research examination was performed with the help of a questionnaire, which was distributed among particular followers of the Diamond Way Buddhism. The research results demonstrated that the lay followers of the Diamond Way Buddhism adhere to principles of health food, do not smoke, adhere to regular drinking regimen and are involved in meditations every day.

Introduction: The objective is to describe the experience of Czech mothers in terms of decision-making about visual and physical contact with a baby after perinatal loss, and also to explore the effect of this experience on the intensity of the mothers' grief after perinatal loss.
Methods: A mixed method design using qualitative data from 18 in-depth interviews was used in the Czech Republic, as well as mixed qualitative and quantitative data from an internet based questionnaire. A total of 100 questionnaires were analyzed using "Interventions after Perinatal Loss" and the Czech version of "the Perinatal Grief Scale".
Results: The decision making of women after perinatal loss over contact with their deceased baby is influenced by internal factors (the need of a woman to get to know her child, concerns and fear of contact) and external factors (emotional support for the woman, professional information and interventions of the midwife or doctor). Internal factors are often conflicting and the social environment has the decisive say. The research has proven that a mother's independent decision about contact with a baby after perinatal loss has significant impact on the intensity of her grief. The grief of mothers who decided independently and who were sure about their decision was statistically significantly less intense than in mothers for whom the decision had been made by medical staff.
Conclusion: The results of our research reflect the professional uncertainty of Czech midwives taking care of mothers after perinatal loss. This is demonstrated in a majority of cases by a paternalistic approach to communication.

The paper deals with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the history of its origin and the problems of searching for a balance between the basic principles of CRC. It further summarizes the CRC structure, including analysis of the 3P principle (provision - protection - participation) and the best child's interest as a primary aspect for assessing the rights of the child. One part is also the analysis of CRC implementation, including the definition of a child and its problems. Implementation is considered from the aspect of the function of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, and also from the aspect of the duties of parties after ratification of the option records - the Option Record to CRC on engaging a child in armed conflicts, and also the Option Record to CRC on child trafficking, child prostitution and child pornography adopted by the Czech Republic. Without any doubt the Czech Republic understands the CRC as the basic international document that is taken into account not only with the elaboration of strategies (see "Right on Childhood"). On the other hand there are still weak points to improve (e.g. right of the child to file a complaint for violation of their rights).

Objectives: Nurse coaching is an important strategy for improving the health of populations. Effective interventions for nurse coaching (NC) practice, fair value outcome measurements, and standardization of terms have yet to be determined. As healthcare systems adopt electronic medical records and as nurse coaching practice evolves, it is important to capture and identify NC interventions. The long-term goal is to improve patient-centered practice by using standardized interface terminology and to examine the feasibility of using the Omaha System to represent NC practice. The three aims were to evaluate content validity of NC case studies, test accuracy of NC graduates identifying Omaha System terms for NC interventions, and explore the feasibility of analyzing NC case study data.
Design: This survey research evaluated NC case studies that were developed for this study by the first author and mapped to Omaha System intervention terms.
Sample: Surveys were emailed to 400 graduates of two nurse coach education programs. Nurse Coaches self-reported little to no experience using standardized terminologies for documentation.
Measures: The Omaha System was used to describe the interventions found in the NC case studies.
Results: Across the three case studies, 95.7% of NCs agreed that the case studies were realistic, and 89.3% agreed that they would use similar interventions; NCs identified Omaha System interventions for the case studies accurately 84.3% of the time, and feasibility of analyzing NC practice data was demonstrated through use of case study data in aggregate.
Conclusion: The Omaha System has potential for use as a NC documentation tool and should be considered for development of a standardized, evidence-based guideline for NC practice.

The Czech Republic, as a signatory of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, has vested the practice of state administration in the field of care for minor children to the authorities of social and legal protection of children (OSPOD). The purpose of such legal establishment is to provide complex care for minor children on the lowest administrative instance (according to the Act on Social and Legal Protection of Children). Territorial jurisdiction of OSPODs is determined by Act No. 359/1999 Coll., on the Social and Legal Protection of Children, and is therefore established according to the official permanent residence of each child. The real decision-making regarding the protection of the rights of minors is the responsibility of municipal courts. These courts appoint OSPODs as "collision representatives" who protect the interests of minor children in court proceedings. However, the territorial jurisdiction of these courts is determined by Act No. 292/2013 Coll., on Special Court Proceedings. According to this latter act, the court that is eligible to carry out proceedings is the general court of the minor, and in fact it is typically the court where the minor resides. The real place of residence and the place of official permanent residence are not always identical. The aim of this paper is to assess the complex legislation on the issue in theory, and to point out the practical impact and possible problems derived from the different territorial jurisdiction of OSPODs and courts. Additionally, qualitative research has been carried out, based on structured interviews. The respondents are nine municipal court judges who specialize in family law, and nine leading employees of OSPODs. The respondents in both groups are selected in matching pairs, so that their responses reflect the mutual positional relation of the judges in the territory of the court and the local OSPODs. On the theoretical level, the research concerns the evaluation of judicial scholarly writings and court decisions in the field and defines and identifies the problems derived from the different territorial jurisdiction of the bodies. In the interviews, all respondents said that they found the different jurisdictions highly problematic. The wider impact of the issue has also been assessed in terms of guaranteeing the participation of collision representatives in the decision making of courts regarding minor children.

The objective of this quality evaluation was to evaluate the changes in public health nursing (PHN) interventions after the implementation of an evidence-based family home visiting (EB-FHV) guideline encoded using the Omaha System.
Design and sample: This quality improvement evaluation was conducted using a secondary dataset of 27,910 PHN family home visiting interventions from visits to 129 adult clients enrolled in EB-FHV programs in a Midwestern PHN agency. The interventions were documented 12 months before and 14 months after EB-FHV Guideline implementation. The EB-FHV consisted of 94 PHN interventions for 10 Omaha System problems, with electronic health record (EHR) data generated by PHNs during routine clinical documentation. Standard descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in the analysis.
Measures: The Omaha System was used to compare PHN practice before and after the guideline implementation.
Results: Documentation patterns revealed that PHNs tailored interventions while also shifting toward the use of the EB-FHV guideline interventions. Ten EB-FHV problems accounted for 96.3% of interventions documented before and 98.5% of interventions documented after implementation. The proportion of interventions before and after EB-FHV by problem differed significantly for all problems except Substance use. Fewer interventions were provided after EB-FHV for the primary problems of Pregnancy and Postpartum, with a shift to more interventions for Caretaking/parenting.
Conclusion: The PHN documentation demonstrated an adherence to the EB-FHV guideline, while tailoring the evidence-based interventions differentially by problem. Further research is needed to extend this quality improvement approach to other guidelines and populations.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal heart sound given to preterm infants during aspiration on pain and comfort.
Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial. Preterm infants (n = 62) receiving care or treatment at a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were eligible for participation in this study. Infants in the intervention group were provided with prerecorded maternal heart sounds before, during, and after aspiration, whereas infants in the control group received routine care.
Results: In both groups, the infants' physiologic parameters were evaluated during aspiration. In the study, it was determined that while there was an insignificant difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of respiratory rate and heart rate averages before, during, and after the aspiration, there was a significant difference between them in terms of SO2 averages before, during, and after the aspiration, and this significance arose from the experimental group.
Conclusion: Considering the positive effect of maternal heart sound given to preterm infants during aspiration, we recommend that this method can be used in NICU.

Aim: Professional values and caring are important for nursing professionals. The purpose of this study was to determine professional values in undergraduate nursing students and its reflection on care behaviours.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used. The study sample consisted of first-year, second-year, third-year and fourth-year undergraduate students (n = 351) studying for the Bachelor of Nursing Science Degree at the University of Giresun, Turkey. The data was collected by the researchers using the demographic form for students, 'Nursing Professional Value Scale' and 'Caring Assessment Questionnaire-Care-Q'.
Results: A positive correlation was found to be statistically significant between nursing students' professional values and care behaviours (r = 0.423, p < 0.05). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference statistically between classes in terms of nursing students' care behaviours (p < 0.05), while no statistically significant differences were found between classes in terms of nursing students' professional values (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The current study showed that caring behaviours were affected by the professional values of nursing students. Furthermore, it was observed that nursing students who have stronger orientations towards professional values show a higher frequency of caring behaviour.

The aim of the study was to examine selected factors of health-related behaviour in children and youth in the Pardubice and Hradec Králové regions (which constitute East Bohemia). The participants were 664 pupils and were students of selected elementary and secondary schools.
The research was carried out by means of quantitative data collection, using a questionnaire of our own design which included scale questions. The questionnaire of risk behaviour in adolescence investigates the risk factors of lifestyle in children and youth, i.e. specifically the category of truancy, neglecting school duties, addictive behaviour, aggressive behaviour including self-harm, reproductive health-related risk behaviour, and computer and internet use-related risk behaviour. The contribution presents results concerning the selected categories of risk behaviour, including their interrelations. The results demonstrate the significant relations among the individual examined phenomena in the research group. Low gender differences are also interesting. In terms of gender, there were differences only in aggressive behaviour and the time spent using a computer or the internet. Male pupils scored higher in both the mentioned variables. Respondents' age was only related to truancy, which decreased as their age increased.

Background: An aging workforce is a global phenomenon with significant implications for European countries. Interventions facilitating the active performance of work until retirement age have consequently been developed. A new concept of work ability, which comprehensively describes the way to achieve a better correspondence between aging and work, has been created in Finland as of the end of the twentieth century. It also includes an objective measurement of work ability based on the index of work ability. The use of methods of objectification of work ability upon determination of the WAI index is still at an early stage in the Czech Republic.
Objectives: To determine the WAI values for different demographic groups of the Czech population older than 50 years of age, the relationship between working abilities with demographic and anthropometric characteristics and diseases of an individual.
Methods: The research tool is a questionnaire to measure the Work Ability Index (WAI), translated into the Czech language. The survey involved 361 respondents from six companies and organizations, including a group of 60 unemployed persons registered at the Labor Office. The data collection took place from September 2014 to February 2015. The software Statistica Cz 12 was used for data evaluation.
Results: The average value of WAI in the case of the sample was 39.4 ± 7.03 and attained higher than the Dutch reference values. The statistical tests showed that men achieve higher WAI than women, WAI decreases with a higher amount of BMI and the number of diseases diagnosed by a physician. A statistically significant relationship between WAI and the type of work performed was also found.
Conclusions: This paper presents data and their assessment obtained by measuring work ability through the WAI index in the first 361 workers of six companies and organizations in the fields of banking, government, healthcare and industrial sectors. It also presents current knowledge concerning the objectification of work ability under real conditions for Czech employers through the method of determining the WAI index.

The goal of the article is to present the results of the research which is focused on the eating habits of adolescents. These habits are the basis for education in the field of nursing and healthy lifestyle. The data collection was carried out using a nonstandardized questionnaire. The sample group of respondents consisted of 1130 people living in South Bohemia, who were 15-18-years-old (the average age was 16.8 years), of which 732 (64.8%) were girls and 398 (35.2%) were boys. The research was carried out among pupils of four-year high schools, middle schools of health (MSH), middle vocational schools and vocational school institutions in the study field cook/waiter (VSI). The dependence of the monitored variables on the type of the monitored school was assessed using the chi-squared test (possibly Fisher's exact test). The results showed that high school pupils ate regularly 5 or 6 times a day, in contrast to other types of schools. High school pupils had a higher frequency of consuming daily meals during the week. Pupils from middle vocational schools had the worst results (their daily consumption of sweetened beverages was more than pupils from other schools). Pupils from middle vocational schools were more influenced by TV commercials in the selection of food. The results of our research point out various flaws in the daily and weekly frequency of food consumption in pupils from selected types of schools, while pupils from vocational schools were disadvantaged. For this reason, education in nutrition and lifestyle should be focused on the prevention of becoming overweight and obese and should be included in the routine care of children and adolescents.

At present, the number of migrants is globally increasing. Although the foreigners in the Czech Republic are pleading asylum less than in other countries of the EU (foreigners in the Czech Republic make up less than 5% of the whole population), there were 2,015,467,562 legally registered foreigners at the end of the last year, which was 15,639 more than in 2014. Migration is also associated with the presented issue of female genital mutilation. This article informs of female genital mutilation (FGM). The research was carried out in 2016.
The goal was to find the specifics of the care of women with genital mutilation during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium, from the perspective of midwives.
The research used a qualitative method of in-depth interviews with midwives who had experience with nursing women with genital mutilation during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. The data were analyzed using the method of open coding and then categorized.
We found that the interviewed midwives had a negative approach to the practices of genital mutilation. The results showed that midwives met obstacles in nursing women with FGM. The complications during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium, which appear in women after the genital mutilation procedure, depend on the extent of the procedure and the later individual periods.
Growing migration suggests the number of women with genital mutilation is increasing. For this reason, it is important that midwives are informed of this issue and that they have knowledge in nursing women with FGM during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium.

The author analyzes in her communication certain problems of providing the nursing care in households, which make impossible implementation of the nursing care to the extent and in the quality, which could be expected under conditions of the Slovak Republic based on the level of the education of nurses and degree of the nursing development. She assesses the implementation of one of four main ethical principles delimiting providing the nursing care: Principle of fairness. In association with agencies for providing nursing care in households (ADOS), she considered several questions. Is the nursing care mediated through the ADOS accessible to patients? Is patient able to use free choice of ADOS? What is the level of the quality of ADOS services provided? She found by analyzing the situation that the attainability of this care is particularly delimited by economic parameters, which can also frequently act against ethical principles. The level of the nursing care quality is considered based on the three aspects as follows: Structure, process and outcome. Within the scope of the structure it concerns financing of the ADOS, administration, management and equipment and material tools. In a comparison of the legislative framework with the existing state of the nursing care through the mediation of the ADOS, conflicts are stressed, which are also manifested in satisfying needs of patients. Problems should be solved by discussion in expert circles and by indicating hindrances in the implementation of laws, which determine the extent of the nursing practice provided by nurses.

The work comprises results of the research of the life style in future healthcare professionals. It is particularly focused on their relationships to smoking, alcohol consumption and sport activities. The purpose of the work was to explain why a similar occurrence of negative health habits can be observed in this social group as in the common population. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen was employed as a principal theoretical starting point for the preparation of the research. The subjects of the examination, which was carried out with the help of questionnaires, were students of health studies of the Purkyně University in Olomouc and Tomáš Baťa University in Zlín (N=240). The research demonstrated the importance of the perceived control of the behaviour in the implementation of the behaviour, mainly in the case of smoking. The research of the standpoints indicates that in spite of the fact that smoking is considered as negative, even by smokers, the intensity of smoking is associated with positive attitudes to smoking as well as with refusal of negative social pressures against smoking. Thus, it is to expect that in this case, the behaviour is the decisive factor in the formation of attitudes. On the other hand, positive attitudes to the physical activity are not reflected by the frequency of the exercise. When considering mutual relationships between all these three activities, the correlation between smoking and alcohol consumption is not surprising. In the general approach to one's own health, smoking unfortunately plays the most important and negative role, where it is possible to find its negative correlation with the general assessment of the importance of one's own health, which is inter alia also manifested in the relationship between smoking and value of the Body Mass Index in smokers. The research demonstrated not only applicability of the TPB to particular components of the healthy life style, but also its capacity of offering a more integrated concept of this behaviour as whole. The research demonstrates that particularly in the case of smoking, the behaviour of individuals is most considerably affected by their inability to control this behaviour, where there is no difference between the whole population and healthcare professionals.