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The objective of this contribution is to present the selected factors of lifestyle (physical activity and leisure activities) in relationship to overweight in the population of school-aged youth in the region of Middle Slovakia. The data were collected in 25 elementary schools and two eight-year high schools in the Žilina and Banská Bystrica regions from May to June 2010. The group of respondents consisted of 1187 pupils in three age categories: 11-year-olds (313 respondents), 13-year-olds (442 respondents) and 15-year-olds (432 respondents). The standardized questionnaire created for the needs of HBSC study was used for data collection. The data collection also contained demographic data: sex, grade and age. The significant interaction of two variables was evaluated using a chi-quadrat test. There was no statistically significant correlation in physical activity found (physical activity during the previous 7 days: p = 0.065, exercise in free time - how many hours: p = 0.190), in watching television on weekdays (p = 0.504) between overweight children and normal-weight children. Overweight children watch television on weekend days longer than normal-weight children, the differences were statistically significant (p = 0.036). The results showed that would be beneficial to pay increased attention to the promotion of a healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents in leisure activities in order to eliminate the time spent watching television.

Legislation in the Czech Republic allows a patient to decide, based on their own free will, to agree to the provision of health services, to designate a person which may be given information about their health condition, who can regulate situations in which the health service can be provided without the consent of a patient. Legislation also regulates situations in which the patient can waive the information and situations in which the patient refuses to consent to the provision of health services. This text deals particularly with the "Informed dissent", a so-called Reverse negative, as it is known in a standard communication between a medical worker and patient. They are also informed on requirements and conditions that must be fulfilled so that the dissent can be confirmed and effectively expressed by the patient, in accordance with the legislation governing the informed dissent, particularly the Health Service Act and the Civil Code. The author focuses primarily on the comparison of legal regulations effective in the Czech Republic, however, she gives a brief inspection of some countries of the European Union as well.

This scientific paper compares the definitions of an audit of domestic and foreign authors. The authors determine the elemental substance of the definition, namely that it is a systematic evaluation of the audited object based on pre-defined rules, norms and standards for the area.
The fundamental aim of the scientific paper is to propose and then optimize the model of process of internal audit on the quality of services in a health facility. For creation of the process model of internal audit has been used the method - Event-driven Process Chain and the modeling tool - ARIS Express. The process model of internal audit has been created by method - Event-driven Process Chain by help of the modeling tool - ARIS Express. The main objective of the scientific paper has been achieved by implementing a number of scientific methods. As a result, a model for internal audits in the health facility has been created and segmented into three areas and subsequently optimized. The audit activities are the main diagnostic tool of top management and acts as evaluation and feedback that provides information about the status of the quality of medical equipment and processes taking place in it. Audits represent an independent source of information and cover all the processes that make up a quality management system. Nowadays, the auditing process is considered the largest and most widely used management tool for determining the level of quality management system.

Humans previously had a significantly greater connection with nature and bred animals primarily for their own benefit. Currently in today's fast-paced society, nature is being replaced by pet ownership. In some situations, people cannot have their own pets or do not have enough resources to take care of a living animal. The goal of this paper is to provide information relating to the use of small animals in the zootherapy and their impacts on clients. The use of animals for therapeutic purposes - zootherapy or animal therapy involves various forms. The most commonly used method of rehabilitation and therapeutic treatments are the use of the direct assistance of the animals. In both the broader world and in the Czech Republic, there are very widely used methods including the most well-known horses and dogs, hipotherapy and canistherapy. It is also possible to use other animal species and categories such as farm animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and llamas) and other more exotic animals including the use of dolphins. These are used in addition to species that we could classify as small animals and pets. It is possible to include in this group of small pets, such creatures as cats, rabbits, ferrets, birds, fish, etc. For some species we briefly discuss the biology of these animals. They are also used in schools, zoos, hospitals and homes for the elderly. Homes for the elderly and hospitals can also benefit from birds (most of them already have parrots and other species). The other alternative is an aquarium with fish. The article describes the different types of zootherapies which, above all, has a positive influence on the mental and physical health of a person. The primary part deals with the use of specific types of small animals in the zootherapy. It is described in more details the use of cats, ferrets, rabbits, rodents, birds, and fish.

Although the probability of a nuclear power plant accident in the Czech Republic is considered to be extremely low, authorities and citizens have to be prepared. An important part of emergency preparedness is the provision of clear guidelines for the possible evacuation of people from areas of radioactive contamination. In this context, different types of questions need to be addressed: What are the health risks that people remaining in a contaminated area would have to face? When are people to be evacuated, i.e. which radiation levels warrant action? Who is to be evacuated first, i.e. which groups, if any, should take precedence? What are the ethical principles that determine the when and who? This latter question is addressed here. The paper looks at the guidance given by the relevant public documents and identifies a number of ambiguous and contradictory points. It recommends that decision-makers are provided with additional information and are made aware of the ethical aspects of their decisions. It suggests that classical ethical theories such as utilitarianism and deontology can be taken into consideration, but that in an age of globalization a cross-cultural approach may be more appropriate.

It is obvious from the analysis of these publications focused on nursing, that the definition of this term is based on a nurse-patient relationship by some authors. The aim of our survey is to elucidate the nurse-patient relationship based on the approach developed by Joyce E. Travelbee, who is an American psychiatric nurse, educator and writer. She introduced the concept of interpersonal relationships in the 1960s. We used textual analysis of documents to process data for this paper, during which there was a historical and analytical approach adopted. Only publications focused on concepts of one-to-one relations in the approach of Joyce E. Travelbee were subjects of the textual analysis. Globally, there is a relatively small number of studies dealing with this issue regarding the approach of Joyce E. Travelbee. On the basis of textual analysis, we concluded that Joyce E. Travelbee was successful in highlighting the importance of the mutual understanding in creating interpersonal relationships, communication skills of nurses, overcoming of nurse-patient stereotypes and the emphasis on meeting the needs of both patients and nurses.

The aim of the research was to compare the knowledge of nursing care for central vascular catheters (which hereinafter will be referred to as CVC) among general nurses from intensive care units and standard departments. In general, we can say that the aim was also to map the extent of nurses' knowledge on infections associated with providing care in healthcare-associated infections (which hereinafter will be referred to as HAI), and aseptic care for central vascular catheters, including catheter sepsis. Part of the research was a content analysis and a comparison of standards of nursing care in three medical facilities concerning the issue of central vascular catheters (with an emphasis on HAI).
The quantitative research was conducted in four medical facilities: Regional Hospital Liberec, Masaryk Municipal Hospital in Jilemnice, Hospital České Budějovice, and Hospital Semily. The chosen research method was a standard questionnaire, which used different kinds of questions and assessment scales. The respondents were selected by purposive sampling. The statistical processing was drawn from 290 completed questionnaires. The statistical methods used were the χ2 test and the two-sided Student's t-test.
The research identified various and serious information deficits in nurses (both in intensive care units and standard units). One example might be underestimating the issue of HAI; the majority of respondents perceived the term HAI as an abbreviation for infections arising only in connection with the hospitalization of patients. Staff who are unaware of the risk of HAI in connection with outpatient or basic nursing care in social institutions will hardly be able to apply preventive procedures. Several serious deficiencies were detected in the knowledge of nurses regarding the aseptic approach to nursing care for central vascular catheters, such as a poor description of the procedure of disinfecting the injection site, non-complex tools for dressing the CVC and a very problematic thinning of heparin plugs.

One of ways to enhancing the quality of taking care of seniors and patients is amplification of the cooperation between the family and services provided by the society. The currently existing demographic development adversely affected the population structure or possibly mutual relationships between potential care givers and persons who need the care. The role of lay family care givers has its irreplaceable position in this system. Taking care of seniors and patients is frequently exhausting for members of the family. It is necessary to help the care givers, who take everyday care of their near relatives, since this is an approach to forming positive associations in the family based on mutual love and respect. Thus, the nurse or social worker should recognize problems in lay care givers and offer them help. The respiting care is one of many solutions and it can provide essential help for care givers and thus, to make them possible to keep the patient in his/her known and close home environment as long as possible. We can speak about so called "taking care of care givers". Based on empiric examinations, it is possible to document that in care givers, who take long-term care of their family members, negative effects of taking care are manifested. They frequently have health problems, problems in the field of mental health and in the social sphere. In abroad, many research works were focused on the evaluation of the load in taking care of family members as soon as in the early 1980's. The test presented in the article is suitable for families taking care of sick seniors. Its validity has already been tested.

Hildegard E. Peplau was an American expert in the field of nursing, who emphasized importance of interpersonal relationships between nurses and patients. Romany people are a specific ethnic group. The attitude to taking nursing care of these people calls for knowledge of their way of life with respecting their ethnic differences. Diagnosis by nurse - Deficiency of knowledge 00126 also requires from the nurse psychotherapeutic activities, which will help the patient to avoid dysfunctional behaviour and to understand causes and consequences of this behaviour. The classification system of nursing activities NIC - Nursing Interventions Classification and the classification system of results of nursing NOC - Nursing Outcomes Classification offer a higher form of documenting the nursing process. The purpose of the present work was to use the nursing model by H. E. Peplau in Romany patients. Quasi-experiment was the principal method of the work. Research results supported the appropriateness of working hypotheses. We found that in all the n = 50 patients, knowledge concerning the health problems were enhanced. In the first measurement, the average values of the NOC Likert scale was of 1.96 and in the second measurement, it was of 2.91. Through the analysis of the documentation provided by nurses it was demonstrated that by the use of a group selected from the NIC, nursing activities were unified and made more comprehensive and by the use of a group selected from the NOC, uniform and objective evaluation of resulting criteria was achieved.

Nosocomial infections are an accompanying phenomenon of the institutional health care and their study and particularly prevention belong to principal duties of all the healthcare professionals. Students of nursing master knowledge and skill in agreement with requirements for barrier nursing. For the period of the clinical practice, the students have a chance to observe healthcare professionals taking care of patients and they frequently improperly simulate their routine behaviour associated with non-adhering to these principles. The target of the research was on the one hand to find how the students of nursing see the healthcare professionals in adhering to principles of the barrier nursing techniques and, on the other hand, how the students themselves adhere to these principles. A structured questionnaire was completed by 100 students of the second and third years of the bachelor study programme "Nursing" at the Faculty of Social and Health Studies of the UKF Nitra. Answers of students indicated that principles of the personal hygiene and adjustment of nails and decorations have not always been adhered to by the health professionals, the largest problems being with bearing rings, which have always been put off by 8% of them only, from time to time by 57% and never by 39%. The use of the designed dress and protective dress for established working procedures are disappointing, since the protective dress and other tools were used by 68% of students and by 18% of healthcare professionals only. The principles of the hand hygiene have been adhered to by health professionals as follows: always 40%, from time to time 51% and never 9%, and by 90% of students. Disposable material for hand wiping was used by 55% of healthcare professionals and 65% of students, from time to time by 39% vs. 31%, respectively. The duty of all the healthcare professionals and nursing students is to adhere to principles of the barrier nursing technique, change their behaviour and improve the health care through the mediation of the "failures" admitted. The prevention of nosocomial infections can only be effective, if optimum conditions are provided on the part of the managements of departments and hospitals.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmunity and demyelinization disease of the nervous system. The disease causes disability and brings severe physical, mental, social, occupational and economical consequences. A further big problem in patients with multiple sclerosis is their ability to work. The determination of multiple sclerosis still does not mean unavoidable disability. The patients are able to work (provided that certain conditions are adhered to: for example to avoid work at high temperatures, in sunshine, at elevated sites, providing more frequent breaks, etc.). We speak about disability if a disorder, which may be functional or morphological, at a level of an organ or of the whole system, starts limiting the patient in a certain way in his/her everyday activities. The target of the research examination was a practical use of the MKF (International Classification of Functional Capacities, Disability and Health) in the assessment of the health and social situation of rehabilitating patients with multiple sclerosis (based on their disability). The assessment of their health and social condition according to the classification was implemented in 2008.
For the data accumulation technique by qualitative examination, a semi-standardized interview (worker of a multidisciplinary team - rehabilitating patient) was employed, which was recorded into a sheet of the MKF, so called CORE SET for multiple sclerosis. In the CORE SET, factors of environment (e), activity and participation (d) were evaluated within the framework of the research.
The results in the chapter Environmental factors indicate that the highest barriers for the rehabilitating patients with multiple sclerosis are, for example effects of the light, climate change and sound. Facilitating factors are first of all the family and friends, products or materials for personal use (medicines, vitamins, etc.), persons providing the care and personal assistance, and last but not least, also materials and products making possible the outdoor or indoor mobility (compensatory tools for walking). In the chapter Activity and participation, the performance and capacity in particular activities were evaluated (according to MKF manual). The results indicate that there is the largest disproportion between the performance and capacity in familial and formal relationships (by 0.15 unit of the qualifier), economic sufficiency (by 0.10 unit of the qualifier), learning to read (by 0.50 unit of the qualifier) and write (by 0.45 unit of the qualifier), intimate relationships (by 0.35 unit of the qualifier) and in the field of taking care for oneself and self-sufficiency.
In the discussion, the author emphasizes that this is one of the first results of the chronic disease evaluation with the use of the MKF classification in the Czech Republic. The data obtained may be employed for the use of the MKF in the assessment of the disability of persons with multiple sclerosis.

Education shows a way which mostly leads to improved opportunities in employment with subsequent increase in the living standard. The education of Romany parents and their children is mostly completed at a level of a special or primary school. Only a low percent proportion of Romany people continue studying at secondary schools and even a smaller proportion continue studying at universities. The successfulness in schools represents an important motivating factor, particularly at the beginning of the school attendance. The target of the research presented here was the assessment of the school successfulness and factors participating in it. For the determination of the school successfulness, the following areas were established: a) the family environment (attitude of parents to the education of their children, interest in school results, home preparation for the school): b) pre-school preparation/attendance in pre-school institutions; c) friends and schoolmates (relationships to children); d) interest activities beyond the school (free time activities).
The work was considered as a qualitative research, the purpose of which was mapping the successfulness of Romany children in schools at the beginning of the school attendance (in the first and second classes) from the points of view of these children and their parents. The technique of the field accumulation of data was a semi-controlled interview, which was furthermore completed by observations and analysis of documents. The target groups were Romany children attending Erko at the Regional Charity Jihlava and their parents.
The research results were processed by the form of a case study. Given the size of the group, particular data resulting from this qualitative research cannot be extrapolated in general to the whole Romany population living in the Czech Republic. However, authentic responses of eight children and their parents concerning the area of education and successfulness in schools can be considered as a supplementation to the currently discussed problems. The answers obtained acquaint us with experience, thoughts, wishes, feelings and attitudes of the children themselves and their parents to the importance of education, also indicating important roles of the teachers and school environment in direction of Romany pupils.

In the recent years, ever increased attention is being paid to worldwide trends of aging population, which is reflected in social, health as well as economic spheres. Seniors ever increase in number and thus, quite different requirements for services, which can they use including those in the field of healthcare, are quite different compared to the situation several tens of years ago. The contemporary care for this population exerts its failures and this is also one of many reasons why there are important discussions concerning the community care, where the healthcare and welfare professionals, and particularly community nurses, can completely use their potential and knowledge, thus filling gaps in taking care of healthy as well as diseased people. Targets, which should be achieved in European Union countries, are thus focused on improving the long-term care but also on reducing waiting periods or geographic differences in the availability and quality of the care depending on the system of a given country. The priority should be just providing specifically adjusted taking care of individuals in home environment, which of course assumes improvements in the coordination at different levels of healthcare and social services as well as financial sources with providing sufficient human sources in terms of the education of employees in the field of geriatrics. The contribution presented here is aimed at providing information on the condition of taking the community care of seniors in their home environment. It is focused on advantages and drawbacks of this type of taking the care in the viewpoint of nurses and physicians. The contribution is based on data accumulated within the scope of the solution of project No. NS/9608-3 "Incorporation of nurses into the community care of the healthcare system of the Czech Republic and comparison with the situation in EU countries", implemented under a support of the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic. Based on the data obtained and processed, it is possible to unambiguously decide that from the standpoint of both physicians and nurses, in the environment known to the senior, there is undoubtedly an advantage given by a better cooperation with his/her family, non-stressing environment and improved possibility to start contacting the senior. The main disadvantage in providing taking care of the senior in their home environment is the distance between the site of dwelling of the senior and healthcare institution.

The contribution, which is an outcome of socio-ethnographic research, is focused on problems of socially excluded municipal localities, which are inhabited by a prevalently strongly heterogeneous Romany population, in the Czech Republic. These localities are typically characterized by a low socio-economic status of their inhabitants, which is closely related to a symbolic exclusion and high concentration of social-pathological phenomena.
In the contribution presented here, the author particularly deals with a socially excluded (Romany) locality, housing estate Máj in České Budějovice, V. Volf street, which forms a specific part in the public area of a larger housing estate. The life of its inhabitants presents a confrontation with a different style of life of inhabitants in the surrounding area and vice versa. The basic target group included 15 randomly selected Romany residents of the housing estate Máj (based on self-identification) and the same number of residents randomly selected from members of the majority population. A supplementary group included 10 randomly selected Romany people and 10 members of the majority population living in České Budějovice beyond the locality concerned. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the respondents.
The results demonstrate differences in the way how the two resident populations perceive one another, similarly as in non-residents, in which the ethnicity was no more considered. Romany inhabitants as well as members of the majority population make distinct differences between "our" and "their" space. Both groups agree in opinions that the specific locality is just the V. Volf street, which is characteristic within the area of the housing estate Máj by the prevalence of Romany citizens. Of course Romany citizens do not consider it as socially excluded in the sense of the academic and medial discourse. Non-residents consider the whole housing estate Máj as problematic or socially excluded. They also consider the coexistence of Romany people and members of the majority in this housing estate as more problematic compared to its inhabitants.

The contribution presented here is aimed at a relatively new phenomenon in the environment of youth subcultures and styles of life - hardbass. It is to state that hardbass - at least partially - is practicized by streams of youth subcultures, which are associated with neonacism or sympathizing with extreme right ideas. Hardbass is thus a further element taken over by the extreme right from the extreme left environment. Visually, this is a dance with electronic music and prevalently Russian texts (by way of analogy to taking over hardbass as a style into Czech Republic from eastern countries) in public areas, such as squares, parks, streets and also shopping centres or restaurants. In the expression of dancers or interprets, there is not only the ideological element, but also elements related to the masculinity and in general to the perception of the body.
The target of the article is to describe a new phenomenon on the one hand with the help of theoretical concepts related to general theories of youth subcultures and furthermore based on our own analysis of video records of performances of fans of the hardbass from particular Czech regions. The article describes the post-subcultural attitude in social sciences, delimits hardbass particularly as a specific manifestation of extreme right skinheads and football hooligans (but it shows that the hardbass or some of its components can present a quite different entity) and defines main elements of the hardbass (masculinity, perception of the body, ideology, etc.). It also presents a discussion of the field of medial presentation of this dance manifestation with taking into account mass media as well as the production and presentation itself of the style by its members and sympathisers and also relationship to the safety in public areas in association with the fact that the phenomenon is subjected to monitoring by the Safety Information Service. The authors also mention the concept of moral panic, which is quite characteristic for similar activities.

The study was aimed at the experimental assessment of the efficacy of heparin as radioprotector in condition of acute whole body γ-ray irradiation. The efficacy of the product was based on the 30-day survival rate and average life expectancy of dead irradiated animals. To reveal possible mechanisms of radioprotective effects of heparin the thymus mass, the number of leukocytes and colony formation units (CFU) in the peripheral blood and bone marrow were studied. It was shown that radioprotective effect of heparin administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 250 unit/kg was developed within one day after the administration and maintained for periods up to 30 days. Heparin increased the survival rate only in radiosensitive BALB/c and inbred mice. The product exerted stimulating effects on the migration of haemopoietic cells: injection of heparin doubled the number of CFU in the peripheral blood of BALB/c mice and reliably reduced it in the bone marrow.

The research article compares opinions of domestic and foreign authors concerning the most important knowledge management aspects through the application of which a certain model of KM implementation in a health facility is affected. Knowledge management is a discipline with a high potential for development because of highly qualified work in the health care sector, and because of changes that occur in the science itself, as well as in the surrounding social environment, requiring creation and constant sharing of knowledge. The main goal of the article is to evaluate the current state of knowledge management activities in the health facilities in Slovakia. The attention is focused on knowledge management process and its dynamics. A questionnaire distributed to the management representatives of 89 health facilities in Slovakia was used for data collection. To evaluate the questionnaire, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were applied, and statistical significance was examined at the significance level of α = 0.05 using t-test. The health facilities in Slovakia that were surveyed use codification strategy, which assumes the utilization of database information. Explicit knowledge is utilized, and knowledge workers' priorities are not given emphasis in this strategy. Personalization strategy where knowledge is very closely linked to an individual and can only be disseminated by means of personal contact and the creation of a favorable culture is used very little and mostly in small-sized organizations. In the current health facility environment, the static model of knowledge management prevails, where the focus is primarily on existing knowledge, and on its ongoing use and replenishment using classic methods of acquisition and storage.

The target of the present research was finding as large benefit of the hospice care to their clients as possible. The research was implemented by the form of a qualitative survey, by the method of interviewing. The group included 8 clients of two Czech hospices. The results indicated that the personal approach of hospices is the largest benefit to the clients. Seven of eight clients expressed positive differences in the attitude of the hospice personnel to them and their families compared with the personnel in the other health facilities. They are completely satisfied with the care received from the nurses. The humane attitude, patience, kindness, graciousness, dedication, friendliness, etc. are the characteristics most appreciated here and missing in other facilities. Nurses in hospitals and facilities for long-term treatment, old people homes and other health institutions were particularly subjected to criticism. The background provided for the client is also positively evaluated: possibility of having his/her own room, of having any of close relatives with him/her and of choosing the regimen depending on his/her ideas and needs. In the course of processing this subject, further facts occurred, which should be solved. One of further large tasks to be faced is a change of the attitude to the treatment of incurable patients. It is necessary to be aware of the fact that the target is not to extend the patient life at any price, but to provide the dignity, full value and quality of his/her life. The work conclusively considers the starting points revealed. Requirements for extending principles of the hospice care in the fields of advisory activity and hospice services are the topical tasks. Application of hospice care principles to facilities for long-term treatment and old people homes is also of importance to provide the last days of clients of these facilities in dignity.

The incidence of the first type diabetes is ever increasing during the recent years. First type diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently the second most frequent chronic children disease in developed countries. The research in the field of diabetes demonstrated in recent years that nutrition can affect the risk of the diabetes origination in children. In experimental studies on animals, predisposing effects of the presence of cow milk proteins in the food for the diabetes development was demonstrated. A number of scientists believe that the early load of the immunity system with cow milk proteins present in the nutrition of infants can trigger and/or amplify the autoimmunity reaction leading to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas producing insulin, but there are also demonstrations that do not support this opinion. Thus, an extensive international prospective interventional study TRIGR (Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk) was started.
The basic research problem of this project is whether the total elimination of cow milk proteins from the food in the course of the first six months of the life can reduce the extent of the origination of auto-antibodies associated with the disease and/or clinical manifestations of first type diabetes in children at a higher genetic risk of its origination.
Newborns are being included into the TRIGR, whose biological mother, father or consanguineous brother or sister has first type DM.
The recruitment of children into the study was started in May 2002 and terminated by the last day of 2006. Total of 5156 newborns (in the Czech Republic 410) are included worldwide into the study; of them 2161 (in the Czech Republic 164) of children with a suitable (risk) genotype.

Due to the globalization, we live in the world having ever "diminishing borders", which, apart from other things, also means life in the evermore multicultural society. The modern concept of the nursing care also reacts to this fact, where a nurse must be thoroughly ready for the solution of specific problems of different communities in the health and disease. The result should be the culturally appropriate care respecting cultural specific features and aimed at the well being of healthy as well as diseased persons.
The word foreigner has the same stem as the word "foreign", but this does not mean that people coming from elsewhere should remain unrecognized and quite alienated. In contrast, these are just the people who need understanding and possible help, particularly if they fall into health problems and become subjects of taking care by health personnel (Adamczyk, 2002).
The health care should be provided for anybody who is in need of it in our country, i.e. also for all the foreigners. The technical availability and velocity of the transportation, economical factors, tourism, associations between relatives and further effects lead to the fact that the migration, transit as well as short-term stays of citizens of foreign nationalities and cultures are evermore frequent and also more diverse as to the national, technical or cultural structure.
The quality of the nursing care is based on satisfying individual needs of patients/clients, which calls for nursing personnel having appropriate knowledge and skill. The nurses should be able to assess the topical condition and reactions of the patient/client to unsatisfied needs, including those associated with different culture, and to continuously provide individual care in accordance with this. However, experience from the practice demonstrated that this is just the field of human needs (in patients with different culture), where the nurses lack the necessary knowledge and education (Ivanová, 2005, p. 14).

It is not usual to use the word "task" for one's natural death. However, the reflection of the theme of the death leads to the preparation for the death and philosophy employs the concept "death as a task" in the sense that the awareness of the end of life may help to improve the quality of the contemporary life condition and one is motivated to enjoyment of his/her life. The purpose of the text presented here is also understanding of the death as a task. An analytical approach to the text processing was used, based on available domestic and foreign literature, with supplementing the knowledge by synthesis and theses of the author. The death as a "task" may be understood as an activity, which is performed when taking care of elderly parents. The author of the article presents a problem of the ever growing elderly population in the Czech Republic and problems encountered by husbands and wives when taking care of their elderly parents, for which the society has not yet been prepared. Long-term taking care of elderly parents is a situation faced by many husbands and wives, who may not be able to manage it. On the one hand, they would like to save as good conditions for their old parents as possible in the home environment and to offer them with their care and, on the other hand, this attempt sometimes results in unsurpassable difficulties, where it is necessary to decide whether and for how many months or even years they must leave their employment, and they must solve the problem of flats, when the age of the parents does not make possible their independent living any more. Sons and daughters of elderly and dying parents face a question whether they should have their dying father or mother at home or in institutional facilities. Old and dying people do not want to be abandoned and to remain alone. The hospice and palliative care plays an important role here. The decubitus prevention and regular personal hygiene in old people confined to bed and taking care of their nutrition and spiritual life calls for the permanent presence of a relative person who, however, may not be sufficiently strong to manage everything, and a collapse of this person due to many requirements may not be surprising. Taking care of elderly and dying parents is a task for the whole family and both the husband and the wife must be involved in the whole activity. The duration of the stepwise termination of the life is then decisive for the burden to the whole family. Maintaining of good conditions for stepwise cessation of the life of elderly parents is a big task for every generation and it is necessary to be ready to perform it. This is documented by literature references related to the present article.

In 1988, the UNO - World Health Organisation (WHO) initiated an international project healthy city (WHO Healthy Cities Project) with inviting the most important European metropolises. Over fifteen years, 1300 healthy cities, villages and regions in 30 European countries joint the project. The concept of the project has been implemented in the Czech Republic after 1989. The healthy city, village, microregion or region is a prestigious name for a municipality, which was actively included into the international project the healthy city (village, region), under the patronage of the UNO-WHO. In 1994, eleven active cities established an association named the National Network of Healthy Cities of the Czech Republic (NSZM ČR). The NSZM is currently the only municipal association in the Czech Republic having in its statute systematic support of practical implementation of the values such as the sustainable development, health and life quality under conditions of our cities, villages and regions. Since 2003, the association is open in direction of all forms of municipalities. The NSZM ČR has total of 82 members with regional influence on 1207 cities and villages and 2.4 million inhabitants (24% of the Czech population). Basic principles of the programme are supporting the health and life quality of inhabitants, support of the sustainable development and active cooperation of the wide public. The program is based on the document Health 21 and Agenda 21 with close relationships to the strategy of the sustainable development and local program Agenda 21, NEHAP ČR/LEHAP (action plan of the health and environment - national/local). In accordance with the NSZM method, the community planning is based on the community plan - so called "Plan of the health and life quality". The plan is interconnected with the strategic plan of the municipality and further important documents and also with the city budget to provide their parallel contribution to the system strategic development. Healthy cities, villages and regions thoughtfully try to form the city (village, region) as a quality and pleasant place for the life.

The contribution discusses the contemporary state of zootherapy in Bohemia. It is furthermore aimed at the development and at developmental trends of zootherapy in our country, and it summarizes the still existing activity in this field and emphasizes the importance of expert nature in the branch.

In her contribution, the author presents results of the contents analysis of basic curricular documents of the study programme "Nursing" concerning hygiene of hands. The contents analysis forms a considerably specific field of the qualitative approach. In Information Sheets of Subjects (ISS) for students of the first, second, third and fourth years, within the framework of quantifying procedures of the contents analysis, a zero dichotomy, frequency of sensual units ("hand hygiene", "technique of washing/disinfection of hands") was found and the occurrence of 32 analytical units was observed within all the years of study in terms of contingence only. The research demonstrated a fact that the problem of the hand hygiene is not included into the scope of the Information Sheets of Subjects and is not clearly specified as a standard procedure, mainly in crucial subjects and subsequently in further subjects of the study programme for the branch Nursing of the JLF UK in Martin, which can negatively affect the level of knowledge, skill and habits of students in terms of hand hygiene. The observed drawbacks in curricular documents of the Information Sheets of Subjects can be considered as one of conditioning factors of the inferior knowledge concerning these problems.
In different countries and hospitals, standards were developed determining the hygiene of hands of the personnel and, in spite of this, the compliance with directives is very low. One of interventions aimed at improving the compliance with the hygiene of hands is effective continuous teaching of health professionals and successful education (with clearly specified contents). The education should be aimed at changes of attitudes to and performance of hygiene of hands in the nursing practice, which is a challenge for educational institutions.

Providing the culture-specific care belongs to basic characteristics of the modern nursing care not only in the Czech Republic. The number of members of the Chinese minority is stepwise being increased, similarly as the number of Chinese tourists. Different consideration of the health and disease markedly affects the attitude to and perception of the patient/client from different cultural environments, either from the professional point of view or from the standpoint of the patient/client. The healthcare personnel should be aware of main differences in the behaviour of members of minority groups (including tourists) not only in association with providing the health care.
The research work presented here was prepared with the help of qualitative research methods. The research target of the work was to process special features of the nursing care, which should be respected in accordance with wishes of the Chinese minority. The data accumulation was provided with the help of a semi-structured interview in members of the Chinese minority group in the Czech Republic. The contents of questions of the semi-structured interview used are particularly based on conceptual nursing models by M. Gordon, M. Leininger and model by J. Giger and R. Davidhizer. To achieve the target, several research questions were established. The results of the research are processed with the help of case reports and a moderately modified approach of the framework analysis by Ritchie and Spencer.
The main results include the determined special features of taking the nurse care in the field of sampling the blood, communication of medical diagnosis particularly in direction of the family, fears of dependences on medicines and also pain and its alleviation. Further results also include description of perception of the Czech nursery and nurse as a giver of the special nursing care by members of the Chinese minority group. Based on results of our work, hypotheses are proposed to be used in future research.

Providing quality nursing care is one of priorities of contemporary nursery. The problem of our work was the quality of keeping the nursing documentation in practice. The purpose of our work was to elaborate a local standard of keeping the nursing documentation and use of internal audit methods for monitoring the process of fulfilling the criteria of the local standard of keeping the nursing documentation at inpatient departments of health institutions, which grant services as general hospitals. The results of the audit are facts, which point out deviations and failures in keeping the nursing documentation.

Research studies have shown that the health condition of immigrants is not influenced only by gender differences; significant determinants also include ethnicity, consistency of cultural heritage and social class. In relation to their status, immigrants belong to a vulnerable group with a higher incidence of a number of illnesses [1, 2]. The submitted article is focused on mapping the influence of four basic factors - ethnicity, degree of acculturation, immigration status and the socioprofessional position on the immigrants' health. The influence was described with the help of a secondary analysis of relevant sources using electronic databases such as Scopus, EBSCO, etc. To map the ascertained factors, the Conceptual model of basic determinants influencing the immigrants' health was created, considering health a multidimensional result subject to external and internal determinants with emphasis on key aspects. Those aspects were further analysed and confronted with research projects and conclusions implemented in the Czech Republic and in other countries of the world. Although the mutual influence of the determinants was proved by studies, the European region still sees a priority rather in the social and economic self-sufficiency of the individual. The immigrants' health has not yet been sufficiently mapped, as is evidenced by the survey of research activities focused on this issue in the Czech Republic.