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The contemporary demographic trend is characterized by a prolongation of the average life span and increase in the number of seniors. The varying demographic parameters also considerably affect granting of the nursing care. Due to senile changes and limitations associated with diseases, the ability of seniors to perform common activities of their daily life is frequently disturbed. The self-care deficit and loneliness can induce the origination of negative emotions supporting development of depressive mood. The depressive mood can also result from feelings of the loneliness, uselessness, retirement or death of a partner. For a nurse working in the Agency of the Household Nursing Care (AHNC) it is unavoidable to properly identify the level of the self-sufficiency and emotional condition of a senior, to plan effective interventions leading to the recovery of his/her well-being and self-sufficiency. The target of the work was to find, how the seniors evaluate their family background, social contacts and financial and dwelling conditions which they are living in. We were interested in a question: what is the effect of the self-care deficit on the senior mental health? Our interest was particularly focused on possible mutual relationships between the dependence concerning basic daily activities, loneliness and depressive mood development. The group included n=80 respondents - clients of the AHNC. We employed a structured interview and diagnostics scales: Test of instrumental daily activities for the assessment of the degree of dependence and Geriatric Scale of Depression for the consideration of the respondent emotional condition. Adverse social and financial conditions and insufficient family background exerted negative effects on the mental health and well-being of respondents. The deficiency of the self-care negatively affected the mental health and well-being of respondents after their dismissal from the institutional care to the household environment. Depressive mood was adjusted by stepwise reduction in the dependence during daily activities.

The old age is a stage of the life development, where many changes are encountered, which must be faced by nurses. These are changes in the physical, mental as well as social spheres. Elderly people frequently suffer from a number of diseases and associated physical problems. Diseases in old age have their specific manifestations and course. In the mental sphere, typical changes occur in elderly people in the field of the memory, perception and feelings. Social contacts are furthermore of importance to elderly people. However, the elderly person must face loss of his/her close relatives or friends and it is very difficult to initiate new contacts in unknown social environment. The model of four conservation principles by M. E. Levine can be used in taking care of a senior, which is classed into a category of models of energy fields and models of conservation. This model includes four conservation principles: 1. principle of energy conservation, 2. principle of structural integrity conservation, 3. principle of personal integrity conservation and 4. principle of social integrity conservation. By its nature, the model belongs to holistic ones.

The reflective practice becomes a necessary communication skill for achieving the quality. In the activity of helping professions, the communication is an complex of certain skills intervened by nurses, pedagogues and managers. It is shown that students as well as nurses in practice lack the skill necessary for effective communication. This situation does not only affect the quality of the care provided and the relationship nurse - patient, but also inter-personal relationships and thus also occupational atmosphere. Thus, it contributes to the accumulation of problems instead of their solution or conduction of healthcare professional to the prevention of useless misunderstandings. The paper acquaints the readers with specific features of teaching nursing subjects and points out interactive didactic methods, which can subsequently be applied by students and future nurses to the nursing process and management. The paper furthermore considers elements of the reflective practice used by pedagogues to teach by the action, to emphasize the sense and importance of communication in nursing, and thus to conduct students to responsibility and providing quality care. It describes the reflective practice as a required competence of the nurse in the professional nursing practice. This is necessary for personal and professional development, where the reflective practice is helpful.

Before the law on social services was issued, the largest long-term problems in providing accommodation by social services included the fact that health insurance companies (and particularly the General Health Insurance Company), controversially to the effective legal status, refused financing the nursing care to the sufficient extent and level in these institutions based on the public health insurance system and thus, this care was necessarily covered based on budget of particular institutions, which undoubtedly also affected the possibilities and quality of providing social services. The target of the contribution presented here is to acquaint the expert public with still existing knowledge, which is aimed at the quantification of costs of nursing care in institutions of social services providing accommodation and thus, to acquaint the givers of social services with possibilities of solving this question based on a short historical consideration of legal arrangements in this field. It is obvious that the largest failure of the existing solution is the chosen form of reimbursement for the nursing care provided through the mediation of the performance method, for the implementation of which many institutions are not sufficiently prepared. A further failure is that based on agreements concluded, health insurance companies provide the social care givers with a part of the healthcare granted only. A solution of the existing problems can be for example compilation of an educational project for healthcare professionals in institutions of social services, which could enable them to master knowledge making them equivalent partners for staff members of all the health insurance companies and making it possible to defend more successfully the requirements defined by the law.

The article deals with the organization of the service of medical assessors and its activity in context of time, development of the branch of second-opinion medicine and irreplaceable role of the medical assessor in the system of social insurance. By way of example, the role of a medical assess A levels or in decisions concerning the contribution to the care according to the law on social services is presented. The payment of the contribution to the care, which is effective since January 1, 2007, is the most dramatically growing mandatory expense within the social security system. Even after 3 years from its effectiveness, the number of applicants for this payment from the social system does not decrease. By way of example of the contribution to the care, consequences are presented of impacts of activities of medical assessors on the state budget. The service of medical assessors faces unsatisfactory age structure of physicians, since more than half of them is aged 60 years and above, and is affected by the rapid development, which means conceptual, organizational and technical enhancement of requirements for granting services. In the article, results are presented of questionnaire examinations, which were implemented by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs with the aim to support the stabilization of services of medical assessors. Conclusions of examinations carried out indicated that an increase in the quality of the activity of medical assessors could be in opinion of these physicians particularly achieved by improving the financial appreciation, increasing the number of medical assessors and reducing the administrative work. The author conclusively presents a hypothesis of the final organizational arrangement of the service of medical assessors. The desirable solution of the ongoing process of the transformation of the service of medical assessors is establishing an authority of medical assessors for the consideration of the health condition of persons and ability to work for purposes of particular systems of the social protection and employment. The author proposes two possibilities of the future form of the service of medical assessors: an independent administrative authority or external supplier of services.

The article deals with a description of particular possibilities of using internet for the sociological research and specifically for the research of certain minorities and subcultures, which are difficult to study due to their closed nature and which mainly call for a specific attitude due to enhanced requirements for saving anonymous nature of the research. The article describes particular tools applicable within the framework of the research through the mediation of internet: web interface, discussion fora, distribution of questionnaires by electronic mail and secondary analysis of data from web sites or discussion fora. The first two methods mentioned are documented by the authors by way of a particular example - the homosexual minority and freetekno subculture, where, due to considerably closed nature of the two target groups, the use of internet for the research was shown to be the most suitable form of the solution.
The authors summarize advantages of the internet research, primarily enhancement of the attainability to respondents and increase in the validity of results thanks to so called self-selection of respondents (completed only by these respondents who intend to do so). The internet research furthermore reflects the time flexibility and anonymity of the respondent, which can increase his/her willingness to participate, offers improved possibilities of the feedback, and last but not least, simplifies the evaluation of the data accumulated, and minimization of costs (time and material).
The authors do not omit even negative factors of the internet examination - the anonymity reducing the reliability and control of the respondent, low degree of representation (due to incomplete coverage of all the age groups and social circles) or implausibility of results obtained with the help of the secondary analysis of internet data.
The use of internet as an environment of the sociological research as well as offer of companies specialized in this field is ever being extended. However, there is a question, whether or not this trend will affect the willingness of respondents to cooperate in the research.

Ethics is conditio sine qua non in the professional activity and thus also in the scientific work and even in the everyday activity. Ethics can be considered as practical philosophy representing the relationship of the man to the world. Ethics is a theory of morals, i. e. philosophic discipline investigating the moral or morally relevant behavior and its forms. We can currently encounter the concept of ethics in ever new association, e. g. bioethics, which cannot be understood solely as a synonym of medical ethics. Scientific work is a driving force of intellectual persons, which shifts the practice forward and, on the other hand, the practice presents the invention in the scientific work. It is to stress that the theory is blind without the practice and the practice is deaf without the theory. The authorship of a scientific work expresses the fact, that the individual, who is specified as an author, is an originator of the work and thus, he/she also takes his/her responsibility for the scope of the work.
In well established scientific journals, the authorship of scientific work is usually considered based on the following facts:
Principal contribution to the origination of the concept and design of the study, to acquiring data and to the analysis and interpretation of results obtained.
Principal control of compiling the manuscript or article.
Final consideration and checking of the version to be sent to the editorial office for print.
Of course, there are also "institutional/local traditions" which represent an opposite pole of the rules above and the head of the institution is usually added as a co-author due to the fact that he is a head of the institution. This automatic adding of the head of the institution as a co-author should not be obligatory, particularly when he brought no particular contribution to the work, since the scientific work is not a list of individuals, who quite did not participate in the scientific work. All the authors i. e. also the co-author take the responsibility for possible problems associated with the work, i. e. plagiarism, non-scientific method, poor quality of the research, etc. These approaches are not common in European region and it is to expect their charging by the society in Europe in the near future. A classical case of rough violation of the ethics and thus also of the professional scientific ethics is a redundant publication. Redundant or duplicate publication is publishing of an article whose contents and thus also hypothesis, data obtained, discussion and conclusions are identical or essentially overlapping with an already published work. A similar, however, hardly defendable violation of ethical standards is plagiarism. The most severe plagiarism is submitting of a complete work signed by new authors, sometimes with identical wording, frequently in the other language. Each work to be published should be reviewed without prejudice, with providing objectivity. All the works and data presented should be considered as confidential. In the case of clinical research, directions for authors have to include requirements for obtaining the informed consent from all the persons who are/were included into the research, in a clinical trial. The ethics of the editorial activity of the publisher is of an extraordinary importan

The article attempts to summarize facts determining the process of the social integration of persons with health handicaps. The integration is presented to the reader as a dynamic process with three principal components participating in its development. These are the social psychological and biological components, which are detailed in comprehensive works. The author tries to offer associated facts affecting the success of the whole process of the incorporation of a handicapped individual into the majority society. In the part making the reader familiar with social standpoints, principal conceptual models are presented, which can be observed in attitudes of the majority to the given minority. The second part aimed at psychological standpoints tries to provide an insight into specific features of the handicap psychology. This part is concluded by expressing the non-existence of a specific personality type of handicapped people. Biological conditioning particularly emphasizes the importance of the handicap type, of its extent and time of its origination for the subsequent development of the individual, particularly in the field of cognitive processes, skill and capability. The process of the social integration is considered as a way to achieving an optimum life quality of an individual with a health handicap.

The target of the research was a design and description of a non-invasive biomechanical method, which would be able to assess viscoelastic characteristics of soft tissues in spastic syndrome with the help of the appliance myotonometer. This was a correlation analytical study including a set of 344 measurements on 23 patients involved by spasticity of various etiopaogenesis. The result of this study is a presentation of the appliance myotonometer, which may be used for determining the viscoelastic parameters of interest.

Changes in the health condition as consequences of diseases and particularly of injuries affect our lives ever more frequently. The enhanced abundance of people with specific needs (as consequences of changes in the health condition) in the course of the last two decades presents a question, what is necessary for these individuals to provide the desirable quality of their lives. One of possibilities of managing severe life situations is just the social support that is discussed in our contribution.

After completing the school education and professional training, young people with mental involvements enter the crucial period of their lives (adolescence, early adulthood), in the course of which they should be incorporated into the occupational and social environment under conditions of support from the system of social services and employment services. This is a principal assumption for their further worthy and quality life within the society. Tools (services) that can be helpful in this step should be realistically considered. This concerns the situation of special school leavers, the current legislation supporting employment of people with mental involvements, particular social services, institutional conditions and also methods used for determining the most suitable forms of supporting people with mental involvements, who enter the unprotected world of adults. The article presents results of the research aimed at pupils with health involvements during last years of special schools. It also presents considerations of necessary associations between particular types of social services for people with mental involvement in the period of early adulthood and it represents a new diagnostic tool - standardized scale of the intensity of support SIS that was issued by the American Association for Mental Retardation and possibilities and limits of its use.

The aim of the study is to monitor the impact of smoking in pregnant women to the fetus, the delivery and the newborn from geographic (Eastern Slovakia and the city of Brno) and ethnic (majority population of women and women from Romany ethnic minority in Eastern Slovakia) point of view.
In 2001-2002, a research was implemented in five district maternity hospitals (Bardejov, Prešov, Rožňava, Trebišov and Vranov nad Topľou) in Eastern Slovakia, focused on the topic of smoking in pregnant women. Low birth weight (lower than 2500 grams), premature delivery (delivery before 37th gravidity week) and non-physiological condition of the newborn served as indicators of reproduction damage. The information about the researched topic come from detailed anonymous questionnaires filled in by mothers, nursing doctors and nurses.
The data were obtained from 1992 pregnant women from the area of Eastern Slovakia (1376 were from majority population and 616 from Romany ethnic minority) and 262 women from Brno (only from majority population). There were significantly less never smoking women in the set of Romany women (30,2%) as in both sets of non-Romany women from Eastern Slovakia (55,2%) and Brno (59,9%). The women from Brno differed from both Slovak sets significantly in the fact that more of them stopped smoking during pregnancy.
The set of Romany women differed markedly in dominant representation of women who had reached only elementary education or apprenticeship, in representation of young mothers under 20 years (40,2%), they had significantly higher occurrence of non-physiological premature deliveries (Romanies 5,8% versus non-Romanies - 2,4%, p< 0,01) and of newborns with low birth weight (Romanies 28,7% versus non-Romanies 16,0%, p < 0,001). No significant geographic and ethnic differences in the frequency of those indicators were found among non-smoking women. Significantly higher occurrence of children with lower birth weight was found in the set of Romany women among smoking mothers (42,2%) than among non-smoking ones (10,8%), the differences in both other sets not being statistically significant.

Elderly participants in the transportation have their specific needs and problems in the field of their mobility. These problems should be known for planning preventive provisions against dangers.
Basic questions are presented, which should be answered by the research. The authors present results of their questionnaire study implemented in two groups of drivers (without accidents and with accidents) over 55 years of age. Needs are emphasized of forming and implementation of educational programmes for the development of self-regulation of elderly persons.

The encephalitis transmitted by ticks or the inflammation of the brain transmitted by ticks is an infectious viral disease. The agent of the disease is the virus of the Central-European encephalitis transmitted by ticks from the group of flaviviruses. The virus is transmitted through the mediation of ticks (Gőpfertová, Pazdiora, Dáňová, 2005). The disease occurs under different clinical patterns and it has typically a two-stage course. Depending on the severity of the involvement, we consider the following form: Meningeal, encephalitic, encephalomyelitic and bulbocervical. The transmission of the infection occurs by the attachment of the infected tick. The tick encephalitis as a typical infection with natural focuses, where there is an agent - virus, transmitter - tick and reservoir animal at a certain locality. For the occurrence of the disease, the period from April to the half of October is typical with a maximum occurrence of ticks at the beginning of June. Over recent years, the incidence of the disease in the Czech Republic has ever been growing. Age groups of people in active age are most involved. As far as the severity of the disease is concerned, elderly people are most endangered. Vaccination is an effective prevention.

Hearing is one of the main senses making it possible to recognize the environment and to provide the orientation in the surroundings, but it also enables one to communicate with the surroundings. It is of importance that hearing defects should be detected as soon as possible. Children, who become suitable candidates, can acquire the cochlear implants after the hearing defect re-education. The cochlear implants are electronic hearing sensory replacements mediating hearing perceptions through the electronic excitation of the hearing nerve. The implantation should be suitably implemented most preferably between 18 months and four years of the child age, before completing the speech development, which comes after about sixth year of the age. Since 1994, cochlear implants were incorporated in 236 children living in the Czech Republic.

The contribution is focused on three-year experience in work with three different breeds of dogs in canistherapy in paediatric patients with different psychiatric diagnoses in the Paediatric Psychiatric Facility in Opařany.

In the present contribution, I tried to outline approaches to the canistherapy work with paedopsychiatric patients in the Paediatric Psychiatric Facility Opařany and different types of activities. I simultaneously present dog breeds used.

The contribution presents the first method of the use of dogs for canistherapy, which was established in the Czech Republic. Different short-term and long-term programmes are shown aimed at improvement of the health condition of handicapped children with the help of dogs.

The contribution summarizes the development of canistherapy in the Czech Republic in the fields of theory and practice and also in the fields of science and education. It is furthermore aimed at the contemporary state of canistherapy in our country and offers possible procedures for the solution of the canistherapy development in forthcoming years.

In the contribution presented here, a concept is outlined of a new professional organization, which is particularly supposed to deal with the quality and proficiency of canistherapy providers.

The author of the article starts from the historical aspect of the concept of person in philosophy. He analyzes works of the authors quoted in the text and indicates the fact that the philosophical concept of person leads human lives to the society, whereas strong emphasizing of the individualism leads to an atomized way of living. Over recent years, people intensively search for the value and meaning of the life. Only humans present these questions concerning their own existence and search for themselves as objects of observation and investigation. The cognition of people concerning themselves leads to the question "who I am"? Man intends to know oneself as a being between others and answers the given question among other people where he lives, but also dies. It is impossible to offer a complete and exhaustive definition of man, since man presents an impenetrable secret. The current philosophy does not intend to offer a clear definition of the human and it rather considers the human phenomenological description. This description includes concepts of communication, dialogue and sharing. The author of the article indicates problematic change in definitions by Boethius and Tomáš Akvinský and furthermore considers differences in attempts to present a definition of man by M. Scheler, G. Marcel, J. Maritain, M. Buber, E. Lévinas and further philosophers. A special brief chapter is aimed at the concept of man from the viewpoint of Jan Sokol, the contemporary Prague philosopher. The conclusion of the work quotes the contemporary pope Benedikt XVI., who demonstrated the importance of the brotherhood of all the people throughout the world.

Changes in the family life and its social and economic conditions can be currently observed, which exert principal effects on the demographic development. These conditions have subsequently adverse effects on the foundation of families. The motherhood and parenthood is a generally expected part of the human life and is associated with the period of maturity in the sense of the life contents and life tasks. The decision to have a child is currently quite not simple and social conditions and financial support of the family play important roles in considering the planned parenthood. The purpose of the research work was to find what social and economical changes occur in the family in association with the birth of a child - what is the extent and way of affecting the family life by the presence of the child. To obtain the data necessary for achieving the target, a method of inquiring - questionnaire - was used for the data accumulation. 170 respondents were contacted - parents on maternity or paternity leave, provided that 124 questionnaires were completely useful for the research. In all the cases these were women - mothers of childbearing age. 96% of respondents represented a complete family. The child in the family was their own, neither adopted nor in foster care.
Within the framework of the research it was found that in association with the delivery of the child, social as well as economic situation of the family is changed and the parents assume a more difficult return to employment after the maternity/paternity leave. The results of the work demonstrated that the delivery of the child is not a simple problem for a number of couples. Conditions for the foundation of the family are quite not favourable.

The right of education is one of principal human rights and it should concern all the citizens of our country without exemptions. Till recent time, this right was considerably restricted if not directly denied to certain citizens, particularly children with mental handicaps. Children with severe handicaps were frequently set free of the obligatory school education and the parents were recommended to situate these children into institutions, and children with mild types of mental handicaps attended special schools. Considerable changes in the special school system were encountered over time and in the school system in general and the way to education was open for all the children. This way was considerably complicated - on the one hand, by introducing the rehabilitation educational programme it made possible the education even for children with more severe handicaps and, on the other hand, it restricted the integration of children with mental handicaps into common primary schools. At the present time, all the children can rightfully attend catchment schools. However, for many of them, the integration into the primary school or possible kindergarten or secondary school is possible only thanks to pedagogical assistance and there are only restricted financial means for this assistance. The solution also cannot be found based on a personal assistant covered by parents from a financial contribution to the care. Many negotiations are still necessary between the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Work and Social Affairs to solve this situation and to find the financial means necessary. After completing any type of the primary school, the school leavers can continue depending on their possibilities in the study in a certain apprentice discipline or at a certain practical school. At the present time, a possibility is theoretically provided of the education for all the children from the kindergarten to a certain type of secondary education but sufficient financial means are not provided and the education at a selected school is also frequently impossible due to a considerable distance from the site of the residence.

The target of the work was determination of the satisfaction of employees of health facilities, effects of their satisfaction on economic results of the company and furthermore relationships and attitudes of employees, i. e. healthcare professionals, to adhering to standards, professionalism and education. Methods of inquiring, dialogues with selected respondents, observation and data analysis were used. This was a quantitative research. Three anonymous questionnaires were arranged as follows: No. 1 - questionnaire of the satisfaction with the occupation, No. 2 - questionnaire comparing wishes of employees with the measure of their satisfying on the part of the organization, including comparison of results with the estimate by the investigator, and questionnaire No. 3 - importance of the education, of the diligent and effective work according to opinions of respondents. The questions for the arrangement of questionnaires were taken and adjusted from the internet sites Internet medical education (www.intermed.cz). The last step was a comparison of the economic result of the company in selected months (at a half-year interval). These were the third month before the changes and third month after the changes implemented in the health facility and new approaches in the company management. The questionnaires were subjected to all the middle and inferior healthcare professionals of these facilities (total of 87 middle healthcare professionals and helping healthcare professionals). The success of the research was of 37.2%. The result demonstrated that the improvement of the satisfaction of employees positively affects the economic activity of the company; the interest of employees in the operation of the company was enhanced and a positive attitude to adhering to standards was also demonstrated. The article concerns the work, human factor, motivation to the work, system of the quality of the care and services, mental capital, image of the organization and possibilities of acquiring competitive advantages. There is an attempt to explain the skills in the field of the emotional intelligence and effects of the human factor (employee and the company prosperity). The skills in the field of the emotional intelligence can become a "mark" of particular health facilities and the human factor can be a source of the wealth and prosperity of state as well as non-state health facilities.

The target of the work is a quantitative evaluation of the importance of the training of volunteers for the voluntary activity in different volunteer programmes in the health and social sphere.
The following methods of the data accumulation were employed for the quantitative research: controlled dialogue and questionnaire. Volunteers and coordinators of volunteer programmes implemented in the health and social sphere were included into the group monitored. The data required indicated that coordinators of the volunteer programme consider the training of volunteers as necessary for the performance of the volunteer activity and as the most important benefit for the volunteers they consider practical training of the skills necessary. It was furthermore demonstrated that the training helps the volunteer to perform quality voluntary activities. The training strengthens the motivation to becoming a volunteer and also reduces fears and uncertainty of volunteers resulting from the volunteer activity.
The volunteers are currently involved in all the spheres of the human activity. The health and social sphere is the most extensive area of the action of volunteers. In this field, the volunteer activity is very tedious and thus, a professional attitude is necessary. It also includes the training of volunteers. The training serves the volunteer for strengthening of his/her motivations, qualification of his/her role in the volunteer programme. The training of volunteers also prevents future misunderstandings between the volunteer, client and organization.

The mathematician and physicist B. Pascal compared in his days human knowledge to a sphere, which escalates its surface area with the development of knowledge, thus ever extending the limit with the unknown, which calls for a solution of further, typically serious problems. The third millennium opens before man unexpected possibilities in the field of science and technology and new revolutionary discoveries. However, on the other hand, the human being is facing complex problems of the protection against effects of natural disasters, growing global terrorism, social - economic consequences of financial crises, extensive accounting frauds and, last but not least, attenuation of the natural self-regulation of the environment.
The history of the world is the history of disasters occurring to different extents, from earthquakes, floods, global wars, through terrorist attacks and accidents of local importance. Consequences of disasters are frequently considered based on human victims and "visible" material damages. However, new phenomena of the time being should not be forgotten, such as computer viruses, financial crises, large accounting frauds, etc. There are only minimum human victims and direct material damages in these cases, but the events considerably affect the economy in particular countries and their secondary catastrophic consequences exceed limits of continents.
Disasters became a part of our life. They are perceived through the mediation of TV screens, print and in certain cases also through personal experience. After 2000, consequences of disasters exert increasing trends. In 2007, the securing company SwissRe recorded total of 335 disasters, where the large portion - 42.4%, corresponded to natural ones. Unfortunately, none of the most destructive natural disasters was reflected in the insured damages. Five disasters, most expensive for insurance companies and securing companies, were recorded in Europe and United States.

The contribution deals with objective characteristics of helping professionals with respect to requirements resulting from their professional social role expressed in terms of the pro-social behaviour. It resumes the process of social and cultural cases occurring in the development of the practice of a number of helping professions in the last decades. It delimits the helping professions including the concept of the pro-social behaviour within their framework. It analyzes professional competences thanks to which it is to a certain extent possible to predict whether somebody will be successful or unsuccessful in a certain profession. It presents the concept of the competence as a wider spectrum of variables with indicating a hierarchical model of the structure of competences by Lucius and Lepsinger. It quotes results of the evaluation of the professionalism of physicians and medical students in the USA (by L. Arnold), comparing different evaluation methods and evaluating four professionalism aspects: professional responsibility, self-improvement and adaptability of the physician, relationships with patients and families and relationships with healthcare team members. The qualities considered include the altruism, the respect to other people and further humanistic characteristics - honour, integrity, ethical and moral standards, responsibility. The contribution indicates research which made doubtful the stability of professionalism and deviation from the professional behaviour is put in connection with the occurrence of conflicts of values and ethical dilemmas. It supplements results of research indicating quite principal importance of the communication and interaction and also importance of personality characteristics of helping professionals with mentioning as most important factors the empathy, acceptation and manifestations of affiliating behaviour, i. e. principles, which were characterized by C. R. Rogers. The facts mentioned document the justification of the humanistic paradigm for the education of helping professionals.

Agencies for supported employment observe clients with mental involvements with a complex of services focused on supporting pupils with special means during the switch from school environment to occupational environment. In the present article, the author tries to describe factors affecting the choice of the occupation in pupils with health involvements and to analyze factors affecting successful activities of the pupils and the working site within the framework of the school practice. Based on an analysis performed, she established the optimum type of supporting pupils with health involvements during the switch to the new environment. A qualitative approach was chosen with respect to characteristics and target of the research: a case study of pupils of a practical school of education branch 78-62-C/001 "One-year practical school". Within the framework of the case study, dialogues were implemented with the users of services, class teachers of pupils, representatives of employers, co-workers, employment advisors and employment assistants. The data acquired in dialogues supplement those obtained with the help of the data contents analysis in the client file. So called verbatim was produced from the data acquired in dialogues. The records were equipped with digital codes based on the order of their implementation. The data acquired were divided into a lower number of units and these were grouped into associated categories (clustering). The research validity was provided with the help of the technique of triangulation of methods and sources. The effect of the investigator was controlled with the help of a long-term presence of the scientists at the site of research and of his/her incorporation into the environment and it was simultaneously treated by informing respondents of the investigator intentions.

The spiritual dimension is of principal importance for man. It is a support, which is not lost, even if certain external possibilities are removed from the life. It is a part of the human existence and it is a potential, which can be developed and also altered in the course of the human life in different ways. It can be helpful in searching for the meaning of the life and it makes possible structuring of particular life stages.
In old age, when many life values are lost, the condition of the God existence is of importance since it provides an anchorage, which is not associated with the time of the physical life only. The belief in God provides elderly people with directions how to manage different types of burden and is for them a support and framework for the interpretation of the meaning of their life experience and basis for their self-evaluation. It can also contribute to a balanced standpoint concerning their own old age and associated problems. In the old age, the need of spiritual tendencies frequently increases. This occurs depending on restriction of different competences, such as reaction to many burdens and losses and also in connection with the anticipation of the death. The belief in God, i. e. spiritual values, which are permanent and exceed the physical life, as well as church communities, to which they belong, are of importance for elderly people. The participation in a divine service as well as private prayer makes possible general relaxation and feeling of alleviation. Whereas religiosity is usually considered identical with the institution and organized religious life, spirituality is a superior concept, since it includes all the people, who practise their spiritual experience and needs in their own system of the religion concept. Even many persons considering themselves at atheistic can consider thoughts concerning the life after the death and existence of the soul. They have their own belief in God in the form of a subjective personal religion or general philosophy of life. However, particularly in health and social facilities, it is not easy to advance and satisfy spiritual needs of patient and clients, also due to the fact, that these needs were re-considered since 1989 only and also with a certain distrust.

The marriage is the most universal form of human relationships. It includes personalities of both partners in all the dimensions.
Man currently searches for new forms of living together and coexistence. The marriage is ever the best form of partner relationships and the family is the best environment for upbringing of the new generation. Just these principal relationships must most frequently step aside due to a career and living standard, or are disintegrated for immaturity and for other reasons. A phenomenon of postponing the maternity is currently very frequent. The number of women, who experience their first maternity after 35 years of their lives increases. Taking of the marriage and experience in life in the marriage became to a certain extent a part of the personality and condition of the "normality".
One of reasons for the marriage crisis is a borderline between private and public spheres. The interest or contents of the family were currently taken over by the state. The families are replaced by social care institutes and lack of financial means is solved by loans and mortgages. Their behaviour is controlled by the family and marriage law.
The currently existing more individual marriage certainly brings a source of support against the increasing emptiness of the world. The dialogue occupies a special position in partner problems, which is provided by listening as well as by the possibility to express his/her standpoint. The incorporation into the legal rules of the country and into a wider circuit of the family helps to achieve an enhanced stability of the marriage and provides a protection against the existing superficial trends in opinions.
The sexuality is of course of importance in the marriage. The partner sexuality must be based on a personal relationship of the deep and maintained friendship. The human sexuality is ever active, which leads to excess sexual stimuli which should be normalized and cultivated. The partners need to find each other in something, which provides their actual ties. The product of mutual love is a child. By delivering and upbringing of children, the husband and wife also help the society, whose survival is dependent on them. This everything must be submitted by a natural human sense of the moral responsibility. Children are the strongest argument for the inseparability of the marriage. The faithfulness belongs to the basic sense of the love. The faithfulness in the marriage is the highest way of the implementation of freedom.