Kontakt 2013, 15(1):89-99 | DOI: 10.32725/kont.2013.012

Toxic effects of selected trichothecene (epoxytrichothecene) mycotoxins in manBiomedicine - Review

František Malíř1,*, Vladimír Ostrý2, Eva Novotná3
1 Univerzita Hradec Králové, Přírodovědecká fakulta, katedra biologie
2 Státní zdravotní ústav Praha, Centrum zdraví, výživy a potravin v Brně
3 Univerzita Karlova, Farmaceutická fakulta, katedra biochemických věd

In the human organism, mycotoxins present a considerable risk, which must be controlled, i.e. its impact on the human health should be minimized. Biological effects of mycotoxins are associated with their different chemical structures. Important mycotoxins also include a group of so called epoxytrichothecenes, as for example DON, DAS (diacetoxyscirpenol), nivalenol, T-2 toxin, fusarenons, satratoxins, roridins, verrucarins, etc. which have been described in a number exceeding 170. The decisive factors determining toxic effects of mycotoxins in general, and thus also of trichothecenes, are their dose and time period of their action (the magnitude of the exposure), individual sensitivity, age, gender, condition of health and nutrition, vitamin deficiency, alcohol abuse and infectious diseases. Combinations of two or more so called "emerging" or "masked" mycotoxins concomitantly occurring in foodstuffs and/or raw materials can, as a result of their synergism (at a dietary exposure considered), induce much higher toxic effects. Toxicologically important mycotoxins are trichothecenes as for example deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (its limit concentrations being a still discussed and yet not solved problem in the EU); regulation should also be considered for haematotoxic nivalenol, etc. Appropriate attention should also be undoubtedly paid to a number of further species. Due to their toxicity and possible abuse, in the Czech Republic, (epoxy)trichothecenes are subjected to the force of Law No. 281/2002 Sb and its executing Regulation No. 474/2002 Sb. "On some provisions associated with the prohibition of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons". The purpose of the work presented here is thus monitoring of certain toxic effects of selected epoxytrichothecenes.

Keywords: Fusarium-epoxytrichothecenes; DON; nivalenol; T-2 toxin; mycotoxicosis

Received: June 13, 2012; Accepted: January 14, 2013; Published: March 15, 2013  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Malíř F, Ostrý V, Novotná E. Toxic effects of selected trichothecene (epoxytrichothecene) mycotoxins in man. Kontakt. 2013;15(1):89-99. doi: 10.32725/kont.2013.012.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Bennet GA, Richard JL (1996). Influence of processing on Fusarium mycotoxins in contaminated grains. Food Technol. 50/4: 235-238.
    2. Bennett JW, Klich M (2003). Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev. 16/3: 497-516. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Berek L, Petri IB, Mesterhazy A, Teren J, Molnar J (2001). Effects of mycotoxins on human immune functions in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro. 15/1: 25-30. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Bhat RV, Beedu SR, Ramakrishna Y, Munshi KL (1989). Outbreak of trichothecene mycotoxicosis associated with consumption of mould damaged wheat products in Kashmir valley, India. Lancet. 1/2: 35-37. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Bhatnagar D, Payne GA, Cleveland TE, Robens JF (2004). Mycotoxins: Current issues in U.S.A. In: Barug D, van Egmond H, López-García R, van Ossenbruggen WA, Visconti A. Meeting the mycotoxin menace. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Netherlands. 1st ed. p.14-47. ISBN 9076998280.
    6. Canady RA, Coker RD, Egan SK, Krska R, Kuiper-Goodman T, Olsen M, Pestka J, Resnik S, Schlatter J (2001a). Deoxynivalenol, in Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food, Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Food Additives Series: 47, Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO). 47: 419-555.
    7. Canady RA, Coker RD, Egan SK, Krska R, Olsen M, Resnik S, Schlatter J (2001b). T-2 and HT-2 toxins, in Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food, Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), WHO Food Additives Series: 47, Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO). 47: 557-652.
    8. Conkova E, Laciakova A, Kovac G, Seidel H (2003). Fusarium toxins and their role in animal diseases. Vet. J. 165/3: 214-220. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Čonková E (2011). Trichotecény. In Laciakova, A. (ed.) Mikroskopické vláknité huby a mykotoxíny v potravinách a krmivách, Univerzita veterinářského lekárstva a farmácie, Košice. 1. vyd. s. 193-200. ISBN 978-80-8077-252-9.
    10. Dall'Asta CH, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Sforza S, Marchelli R (2010). Masked Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Derivatives in Food: The Hidden Menace. In: Rai M, Varma A (eds). Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York. 1st ed. 385-397. ISBN 978-3-642-00725-5. Go to original source...
    11. Di Paolo N, Guarnieri A, Loi F, Sacchi G, Mangia-Rotti A M, Di Paolo M (1993). Acute renale failure from inhalation of mycotoxins. Nephron. 64/5: 621-625. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Doi K, Ishigami N, Sehata S (2008). T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in pregnant mice and rats. Int J Mol Sci. 9/8: 2146-2158. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. EFSA (2011). Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA J. 9/12: 2481, 1-187. Go to original source...
    14. Fialová L, Horská P, Kučera M, Maur E, Musil J, Stloukal M (1998). Dějiny obyvatelstva českých zemí. Mladá Fronta: Praha, s. 370.
    15. Frisvad J, Thrane U, Samson RA (2007). Mycotoxin producers. In: Dirksterhuis J, Samson RA (eds.). Food Mycology - A multifaceted approach to fungi and food. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 135-159. ISBN 13:978-0-8493-9818-6. Go to original source...
    16. Gajdusek DC (1953). Acute infectious hemorrhagic fevers and mycotoxicoses in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. Medical Science Publication No.2, Walter Red Army Medical Center, Washington, p. 66.
    17. Joffe AZ (1978). Fusarium poae and Fusarium sporotrichioides as principal causal agents of alimentary toxic aleukia. In Mycotoxic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses: An Encylopedic Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 3/1: 21-86.
    18. Joffe AZ (1986). Fusarium species: their biology and toxicology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., p. 588.
    19. Klaassen CD (2008). Casarett&Doull's Toxicology. The basic science of poisons. Mc Graw-Hill. Medical Publishing Division, New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul, Singapore, Sidney, Toronto. 7th ed., p. 1219-1220. ISBN 978-0-07-147051-3.
    20. Kummer V, Faldíková L, Herzig I, Láníková A (2001). Účinky mykotoxinů na zdraví a reprodukci zvířat, diagnostika a prevence mykotoxikóz. Výzkumný ústav veterinárního lékařství, Brno, s. 43.
    21. Laciakova A a kol. (2011). Mikroskopické vláknité huby a mykotoxíny v potravinách a krmivách. Univerzita veterinářského lekárstva a farmácie, Košice. 1. vyd. s. 298. ISBN 978-80-8077-252-9.
    22. Luo Y (1988). Fusarium toxins contamination of cereals in China. In: Aibara K, Kumagai S, Ohtsubo K, Yoshizawa T (eds.). Proceedings of the 7th International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and phycotoxins. Tokyo, 16-19 August 1988. Tokyo, Japanese Association of Mycotoxicology, p. 97-98. Go to original source...
    23. Malíř F (2011). Toxicita mykotoxinů. In: Laciakova A (ed.). Mikroskopické vláknité huby a mykotoxíny v potravinách a krmivách, Univerzita veterinářského lekárstva a farmácie, Košice. 1. vyd., s. 226-247. ISBN 978-80-8077-252-9.
    24. Malíř F, Ostrý V (eds.). (2003). Vláknité mikromycety (plísně), mykotoxiny a zdraví člověka. NCO NZO, Brno, s. 349. ISBN 8070133953.
    25. Malíř F, Ostrý V (2012). Aflatoxiny-toxické účinky u člověka. Kontakt. 14/1: 85-93. Go to original source...
    26. Malir F, Ostry V, Grosse Y, Roubal T, Skarkova J, Ruprich J (2006). Monitoring the mycotoxins in food and their biomarkers in the Czech Republic. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 50/6: 513-518. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Malíř F, Roubal T, Ostrý V, Tůma J, Procházková H, Řičařová B, Marešová H, Rolečková E (2007). Mycotoxins and Bioterrorism. Chem. Listy. 101/14: 119-121.
    28. Matossian MK (1989). Poisons of the past-molds, epidemics and history. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, p. 190. ISBN 0-300-05121-2.
    29. Mobashar M, Hummel J, Blank R, Südekum KH (2010). Ochratoxin A in Ruminants - A review on its degradation by gut microbes and effects on animals. Toxins. 2: 809-839. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Novotny L, Musilek K, Pohanka M, Zdarova Karasova J, Bostik P, Jun D, Kuca K. (2011). Introduction to chemical and biological warfare agents. Hradec Kralove. 1st ed., p. 57.
    31. Osweiler GD (2000). Mycotoxins - contemporary issues of food animal health and productivity. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 16/vii: 511-530. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Patočka J (2010). Trendy v terapii botulismu. Kontakt. 12/2: 207-211. Go to original source...
    33. Pittet A (1998). Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds-an updated review. Revue Med. Vet. 149/6: 479-492.
    34. Ramakrishna Y, Bhat RV, Ravindranath V (1989). Production of deoxynivalenol by Fusarium isolates from samples of wheat associated with a human mycotoxicosis outbreak and from sorghum cultivars. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 55/6: 2619-2620. Go to original source...
    35. Richard JL, Payne GA, Desjardins AE, Maragos Ch, Norred III WP, Pestka JJ, Phillips TD, van Egmong HP, Vardon PJ, Whitaker TB, Wood G (2003). Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, USA. 1st ed., p. 199. ISBN 1-887383-22-0.
    36. Rotter BA, Prelusky DB, Pestka JJ (1996). Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 48/1: 1-34. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Sato N, Ueno Y (1977). Comparative toxicities of trichothecenes. In: Rodericks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA (eds.). Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health. Park Forest South, IL: Pathtox Publishers, p. 295.
    38. Scientific Committee on Food (2002). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium toxins. Part 6: Group evaluation of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol (adopted on 26 February 2002), p. 12.
    39. Schoental R (1984). Mycotoxins and the Bible. Perspect. Biol. Med. 28/1: 117-120. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Schoental R (1991). Mycotoxins, porphyrias and the decline of Etruscans. J. Appl.Toxicol. 11/7: 453-454. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Schoental R. (1994). Mycotoxins in food and the plague of Athens. J. Nutr. Med. 4/1: 83-85. Go to original source...
    42. Stoev SD, Daskalov H, Radic B, Domijan A M, Peraica M (2002). Spontaneous mycotoxic nephropathy in Bulgarian chickens with inclarified mycotoxin etiology. Vet Res. 33/1: 83-93. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Stoev SD, Stefanov M, Denev S, Radic B, Domijan AM, Peraica M. (2004). Experimental mycotoxicosis in chickens induced by ochratoxin A and penicillic acid and intervention with natural plant extracts. Vet Res Commun. 28/8: 727-746. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Sudakin DL (2003). Trichothecenes in the Environment: Relevance to Human Health. Toxicology Letters. 143/2: 97-107. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Sugita-Konishi Y, Nakajima T (2010). Nivalenol: The Mycology, Occurrence, Toxicology, Analysis and Regulation. In: Rai M, Varma A (eds.). Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York. 1st ed., p. 253-274. ISBN 978-3-642-00725-5.
    46. Štětina R (2004). Mykotoxiny. In: Patočka J. (ed.). Vojenská toxikologie, Grada, Praha, s. 128-134. ISBN 80-247-0608-3.
    47. Ueno Y (1971). Toxicological and biological properties of fusarenon-x, a cytotoxin mycotoxin of Fusarium nivale In: Purchase IFH (ed.). Mycotoxins in human health.Proceedings of a Symposium, Pretoria, 2.-4. 9. 1970. Edinburgh, Mac Milllan, p. 163-178. Go to original source...
    48. Ueno Y (1977). Trichothecenes: overview address. In: Rodricks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA (eds.). Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health. Phathotox Publishers: Park Forest South, Illinois, USA: 1st ed., p. 189-207.
    49. Ueno Y (1991). Biochemical mode of action of mycotoxins. In Smith JE and Henderson RS (eds.). Mycotoxins and Animal Foods. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, p. 437-454. ISBN 9780849349041.
    50. Ueno Y, Sawano M, Ishii K (1975). Production of trichothecene mycotoxins by Fusarium species in shake culture. Appl Microbiol. 30/1: 4-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Voods JB, Darling RG, Dembek ZF, Carr BK, Cieslak TJ, Lawler JV, Littrel AC, Kortepeter MG, Rebert NW, Stanek SA, Martin JW (2005). T-2 toxin, USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 6th ed., p. 187. ISBN 978-0-16-090015-0.
    52. Voyksner RD, Hagler WM, Jr., Swanson SS (1987). Analysis of some metabolites of T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and deoxynivalenol, by thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr. 394/5: 183-199. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Wang ZG, Feng JN, Tong Z (1993). Human toxicosis caused by mouldy rice contaminated with Fusarium and T-2 toxin. Biomed Env Sci. 6/1: 65-70.
    54. Weidenbörner M (2001). Encyclopedia of Food Mycotoxins. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Singapore, Tokyo, p. 294. ISBN 978-3-540-67556-3. Go to original source...
    55. Weidenbörner M (2008). Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1st ed., p. 462. ISBN 978-0-387-73689-1. Go to original source...
    56. Welsh GI, Foulstone EJ, Young SW, Tavare JM, Proud CG (1994). Wortmannin inhibits the effects of insulin and serum on the activities of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Biochem. J. 303/1: 15-20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. WHO (2001). World Health Organization. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Prepared by the Fifty-sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Food Additives Series. No. 47, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 74.
    58. Wu Q, Dohnal V, Huang L, Kuca K, Yuan Z (2010). Metabolic pathways of trichothecenes. Drug Met Rev. 42/2: 250-267. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Yoshizawa T, Swanson SP, Mirocha CJ (1980). T-2 metabolites in the excreta of broiler chickens administered 3H-labeled T-2 toxin. Appl Environ Microb. 38/8: 1172-1177. Go to original source...

    Return to the content