Kontakt 2021, 23(4):330-337 | DOI: 10.32725/kont.2021.035

The effect of genetic counseling on depression, anxiety, and knowledge level among diabetes mellitus patientsSocial Sciences in Health - Original article

Henri Setiawan1, 2, *, Yudisa Diaz Lutfi Sandi3, Esti Andarini4, Rudi Kurniawan1, Selvia David Richard5, Heri Ariyanto1
1 STIKes Muhammadiyah Ciamis, Department of Nursing, West Java, Indonesia
2 Fujian Medical University, School of Nursing, Fujian, China
3 Akademi Keperawatan Pemerintah Kabupaten Ngawi, Department of Nursing, East Java, Indonesia
4 Southern Medical University, School of Nursing, Guangzhou, China
5 STIKes RS Baptis Kediri, Department of Nursing, East Java, Indonesia

Aim: The aim of the research was to demonstrate the effect of genetic counseling on depression, anxiety and knowledge level among diabetes mellitus patients.

Design: Quasi-experimental study.

Methods: A quantitative study that used a questionnaire instrument to assess participants' levels of depression, anxiety, and knowledge. A total of 38 diabetes mellitus patients who met the inclusion criteria were studied for two months at the Lakbok Public Health Center with genetic counseling. Outcomes were measured before and after the counseling intervention provided. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS version 25.0 software.

Results: The results showed that the majority of participants (76.3%) had moderate depression prior to the genetic counseling intervention. However, after the intervention, most of the participants (73.7%) experienced mild depression, with a change in mean ± standard deviation (SD) pre-post 26.3 ± 3.1 to 17.6 ± 2.6. The anxiety level of most participants was moderate (73.7%). After the intervention, most participants experienced mild anxiety (86.8%) with a change in mean ± SD 16.7 ± 3.3 to 11.3 ± 2.3. In addition, before the intervention the knowledge level of the majority of the participants was satisfactory (86.8%). After the intervention, the knowledge level of the majority of the participants became good (52.6%) with a change in the mean ± SD of 12.8 ± 1.4 to 16.1 ± 2.3.

Conclusions: Changes in the level of depression, anxiety and knowledge in different categories are real evidence of the consistency of the intervention's effect on these very significant factors that have implications for health services in various health facilities such as hospitals and public health centers. Therefore, serious efforts are needed so that health policies encourage the presence of genetic counseling services for DM patients and patients of other genetic diseases.

Keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Diabetes mellitus; Genetic counseling; Knowledge
Grants and funding:

This research is authorized by the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) STIKes Muhammadiyah Ciamis (with number 177/III.3.AU/F/2021), and the Office of National Unity and Community Protection (Kesbangpolinmas) Ciamis Regency (070.3/747/kesbangpol.03).

Conflicts of interest:

The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.

Received: May 1, 2021; Revised: May 1, 2021; Accepted: August 4, 2021; Prepublished online: August 6, 2021; Published: December 6, 2021  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Setiawan H, Lutfi Sandi YD, Andarini E, Kurniawan R, Richard SD, Ariyanto H. The effect of genetic counseling on depression, anxiety, and knowledge level among diabetes mellitus patients. Kontakt. 2021;23(4):330-337. doi: 10.32725/kont.2021.035.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Andreoulakis E, Hyphantis T, Kandylis D, Iacovides A (2012). Depression in diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive review. Hippokratia 16(3): 205-214. Go to PubMed...
    2. Arikunto S (2010). Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
    3. Arkadianos I, Valdes AM, Marinos E, Florou A, Gill RD, Grimaldi KA (2007). Improved weight management using genetic information to personalize a calorie controlled diet. Nutr J 6: 29. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-29. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Athens BA, Caldwell SL, Umstead KL, Connors PD, Brenna E, Biesecker BB (2017). A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials to Assess Outcomes of Genetic Counseling. J Genet Couns 26(5): 902-933. DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0082-y. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Ayelign B, Genetu M, Wondmagegn T, Adane G, Negash M, Berhane N (2019). Tnf-α (-308) Gene Polymorphism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Ethiopian Diabetes Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 12: 2453-2459. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S229987. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Balaji, R, Duraisamy R, Kumar MPS (2019). Complications of diabetes mellitus: A review. Drug Invent Today, 12(1): 98-103.
    7. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996). Manual for the Beck depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Go to original source...
    8. Bloss CS, Schork NJ, Topol EJ (2011). Effect of Direct-to-Consumer Genomewide Profiling to Assess Disease Risk. N Engl J Med 364(6): 524-34. DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1011893. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Blue GM, Kasparian NA, Sholler GF, Kirk EP, Winlaw DS (2015). Genetic counselling in parents of children with congenital heart disease significantly improves knowledge about causation and enhances psychosocial functioning. Int J Cardiol 178: 124-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.119. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Bradbury AR, Patrick-Miller LJ, Egleston BL, Hall MJ, Domchek SM, Daly MB, et al. (2018). Randomized Noninferiority Trial of Telephone vs In-Person Disclosure of Germline Cancer Genetic Test Results. J Natl Cancer Inst 110(9): 1-9. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy015. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Bull L (2013). Genetics, Mutations, and Polymorphisms. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [online] [cit. 2021-04-11]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6475/
    12. Carlson LM, Harris S, Hardisty EE, Hocutt G, Vargo D, Campbell E, et al. (2019). Use of a novel computerized decision aid for aneuploidy screening: a randomized controlled trial. Genet Med 21(4): 923-929. DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0283-2. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Chiptarini IFD (2014). Gambaran Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Tentang Penatalaksanaan DM pada Pasien DM di Puskesmas Ciputat Timur. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
    14. Cicero G, De Luca R, Dorangricchia P, Lo Coco G, Guarnaccia C, Fanale D, et al. (2017). Risk Perception and Psychological Distress in Genetic Counselling for Hereditary Breast and/or Ovarian Cancer. J Genet Couns 26(5): 999-1007. DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0072-0. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Dedoussis GVZ, Kaliora AC, Panagiotakos DB (2007). Genes, diet and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. Rev Diabet Stud 4(1): 13-24. DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2007.4.13. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Eijzenga W, Aaronson NK, Hahn DEE, Sidharta GN, Van Der Kolk LE, Velthuizen ME, et al. (2014). Effect of routine assessment of specific psychosocial problems on personalized communication, counselors' awareness, and distress levels in cancer genetic counseling practice: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 32(27): 2998-3004. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.55.4576. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Fan CW, Castonguay L, Rummell S, Lévesque S, Mitchell JJ, Sillon G (2017). Online Module for Carrier Screening in Ashkenazi Jewish Individuals Compared with In-Person Genetics Education : A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Genet Couns 27(2): 426-438. DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0133-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Faravelli C (1985). Life events preceding the onset of panic disorder. J Affect Disord 9(1): 103-105. DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(85)90016-3. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Faravelli C, Pallanti S (1989). Recent life events and panic disorder. Am J Psychiatr 146(5): 622-626. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.146.5.622. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Faravelli C, Catena M, Scarpato A, Ricca V (2007). Epidemiology of life events: Life events and psychiatric disorders in the Sesto Fiorentino study. Psychother Psychosom 76(6): 361-368. DOI: 10.1159/000107564. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Firdaushty R, Usman E, Linosefa L (2020). Gambaran Polimorfisme Gen SLC22A1 rs683369 pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 yang Mendapatkan Terapi Metformin. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas 9(15): 88-93. DOI: 10.25077/jka.v9i1s.1160. Go to original source...
    22. Ginting H, Naring G, van der Veld WM, Srisayekti W, Becker ES (2013). Validating the Beck depression inventory-II inIndonesia's general population and coronary heart disease patients. Int J Clin Health Psychol 13(3): 235-242. Go to original source...
    23. Godino L, Razzaboni E, Bianconi M, Turchetti D (2016). Impact of Genetic Counseling in Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer in Italy. J Genet Couns 25(2): 405-411. DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9884-y. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Grant RW, O'Brien KE, Waxler JL, Vassy JL, Delahanty LM, Bissett LG, et al. (2013). Personalized genetic risk counseling to motivate diabetes prevention: A randomized trial. Diabetes Care 36(1): 13-19. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0884. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Graves KD, Wenzel L, Schwartz MD, Luta G, Wileyto P, Narod S, et al. (2010). Randomized controlled trial of a psychosocial telephone counseling intervention in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(3): 648-654. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0548. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Harista RA, Lisiswanti R (2015). Depresi pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Depression in. Majority 4(9): 73-77.
    27. Jenkins J, Calzone KA, Dimond E, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Jourkiv O, et al. (2007). Randomized comparison of phone versus in-person BRCA1/2 predisposition genetic test result disclosure counseling. Genet Med 9(8): 487-495. DOI: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e31812e6220. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Khan ZD, Lutale J, Moledina SM (2019). Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients in an Outpatient Diabetes Clinic. Psychiatry J 2019: 2083196. DOI: 10.1155/2019/2083196. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Leblond D, Brédart A, Dolbeault S, De Pauw A, Lyonnet DS, Flahault C, Sultan S (2011). Cognitive, emotional and behavioral impact of an uncertain outcome after study of BRCA1/2: Review of the literature. Bulletin Du Cancer 98(2): 184-198. DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2011.1309. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Madlensky L, Trepanier AM, Cragun D, Lerner B, Shannon KM, Zierhut H (2017). A Rapid Systematic Review of Outcomes Studies in Genetic Counseling. J Genet Couns 26(3): 361-378. DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0067-x. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, et al. (2009). Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature 461(7265): 747-753. DOI: 10.1038/nature08494. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Mayega RW, Rutebemberwa E (2018). Clinical presentation of newly diagnosed diabetes patients in a rural district hospital in Eastern Uganda. Afr Health Sci 18(3): 707-719. DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i3.29. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Montgomery SV, Barsevick AM, Egleston BL, Bingler R, Ruth K, Miller SM, et al. (2013). Preparing individuals to communicate genetic test results to their relatives: Report of a randomized control trial. Fam Cancer 12(3): 537-546. DOI: 10.1007/s10689-013-9609-z. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Nawaz MS, Shah KU, Rashid HU, Mahmood S, Bukhsh A, Rehman IU, et al. (2018). Factors associated with anxiety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Pakistan. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 38(3): 298-304. DOI: 10.1007/s13410-017-0591-0. Go to original source...
    35. Nishigaki M, Tokunaga-Nakawatase Y, Nishida J, Kazuma K (2014). The Effect of Genetic Counseling for Adult Offspring of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes on Attitudes Toward Diabetes and its Heredity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Genet Couns 23(5): 762-769. DOI: 10.1007/s10897-013-9680-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. P2PTM (Direktorat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Tidak Menular). Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (2018). Lindungi Keluarga Dari Diabetes. [online] [cit. 2021-04-11]. Available from: http://p2ptm.kemkes.go.id/post/lindungi-keluarga-dari-diabetes
    37. Philipson L (2017). Monogenic Diabetes (Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus & MODY). [online] [cit. 2021-04-11]. Available from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody
    38. Proctor G, Hayes C (2017). Counselling for Depression: a response to counselling education in the twenty-first century. Ethical conflicts between a counselling approach operating within a medicalised bureaucratic health service. Br J Guid Couns 45(4): 1-10. DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2016.1274377. Go to original source...
    39. Rahim FF, Abdulrahman SA, Maideen SFK, Rashid A (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with prediabetes anddiabetes in fishing communities in Penang, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 15(2): 1-17. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228570 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Ramdan IM (2019). Reliability and Validity Test of the Indonesian Version of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) to Measure Work-related Stress in Nursing. Jurnal Ners 14(1): 33-40. DOI: 10.20473/jn.v14i1.10673. Go to original source...
    41. Redondo MJ, Steck AK, Pugliese A (2018). Genetics of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 19(3): 346-353. DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12597. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Riley BD, Culver JO, Skrzynia C, Senter LA, Peters JA, Costalas JW, et al. (2012). Essential elements of genetic cancer risk assessment, counseling, and testing: Updated recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. J Genet Couns 21(2): 151-161. DOI: 10.1007/s10897-011-9462-x. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Roshanai AH, Rosenquist R, Lampic C, Nordin K (2009). Does enhanced information at cancer genetic counseling improve counselees' knowledge, risk perception, satisfaction and negotiation of information to at-risk relatives? A randomized study. Acta Oncol 48(7): 999-1009. DOI: 10.1080/02841860903104137. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Rujito L, Ghozali PA (2010). Menggagas Pengembangan Layanan Konseling Genetik di Unit Pelayanan Kesehatan: Sebuah Kajian Awal. Maj Kedokt Indon 60(9).
    45. Schwartz MD, Valdimarsdottir HB, Peshkin BN, Mandelblatt J, Nusbaum R, Huang AT, et al. (2014). Randomized noninferiority trial of telephone versus in-person genetic counseling for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 32(7): 618-626. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2013.51.3226. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Scocco P, Barbieri I, Frank E (2006). Interpersonal problem areas and onset of panic disorder. Psychopathology 40(1): 8-13. DOI: 10.1159/000096384. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Setiawan H, Ediati A, Winarni TI (2017). Genetic Counseling to Reduce the Level of Depression in Parents of Children with Thalassemia Major. In: 2nd International Conference on Sport Science, Health and Physiscal Education (ICSSHPE), pp. 102-106. Go to original source...
    48. Setiawan H, Roslianti E, Firmansyah A (2020). Theory Development of Genetic Counseling among Patient with Genetic Diseases. IJNHS 3(6): 709-715. DOI: 10.35654/ijnhs.v3i6.350. Go to original source...
    49. Setiawan H, Sopatilah E, Rahmat G, Wijaya DD, Ariyanto H (2018). Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan dengan Kecemasan Penderita Diabetes Mellitus. Proceeding The 7th University Research Colloqium 2018: Bidang MIPA dan Kesehatan, pp. 241-248.
    50. Sorayah S (2015). Uji Validitas Konstruk Beck Inventory-II (BDI-II). Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Indonesia 4(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.15408/jp3i.v4i1.9259. Go to original source...
    51. Street RL, Jr., Makoul G, Arora NK, Epstein RM (2009). How does communication heal? Pathways linking clinician-patient communication to health outcomes. Patient Educ Couns 74(3): 295-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.015. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Tomatir AG, Sorkun HC, Demirhan H, Akdag B (2006). Nurses' professed knowledge of genetics and genetic counseling. Tohoku J Exp Med 210(4): 321-332. DOI: 10.1620/tjem.210.321. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. WHO - World Health Organization (2020). Diabetes: Overview. [online] [cit. 2021-04-11]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
    54. Yamin A, Sari CWM (2018). Relationship of Family Support Towards Self-Management and Quality of Life of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran 6(2): 175-182. DOI: 10.24198/jkp.v6i2.673. Go to original source...
    55. Yang M, Kim JW (2018). Principles of genetic counseling in the era of next-generation sequencing. Ann Lab Med 38(4): 291-295. DOI: 10.3343/alm.2018.38.4.291. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Yee LM, Wolf M, Mullen R, Bergeron AR, Cooper Bailey S, Levine R, Grobman WA (2014). A randomized trial of a prenatal genetic testing interactive computerized information aid. Prenatal Diagnosis 34(6): 552-557. DOI: 10.1002/pd.4347. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content